Bureau of Counterterrorism and Countering Violent Extremism
- Office for Combating Terrorism
- Elizabeth H. Richard, Coordinator for Counterterrorism
The Bureau of Counterterrorism and Countering Violent Extremism (CT) is a bureau of the United States Department of State. It coordinates all U.S. government efforts to improve counterterrorism cooperation with foreign governments and participates in the development, coordination, and implementation of American counterterrorism policy.
In June 2007, Ambassador-at-Large Dell Dailey was appointed to be the coordinator for Counterterrorism. Under Secretary Hillary Clinton, the coordinator for counterterrorism from 2009 to 2012 was Ambassador-at-Large Daniel Benjamin. He was followed by Tina S. Kaidanow, from 2014 to 2016.[2] The coordinator and special envoy for the Global Coalition to Counter the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant between 2020 and 2021 was Nathan Sales.
Originally the Office for Combating Terrorism and later the Bureau of Counterterrorism, the bureau's name was expanded in 2016 to include countering violent extremism in its mandate.[3][4][5]
Aims
The United States counterterrorism policy has four main aims:
- to make no concessions to terrorists and strike no deals;
- to bring terrorists to justice for their crimes;
- to isolate and apply pressure on states that sponsor terrorism to force them to change their behavior; and
- to bolster the counter-terrorism capabilities of those countries that work with the U.S. and require assistance.
Regarding international terrorism, the U.S. government will make no concessions to individuals or groups holding official or private U.S. citizens hostage. The United States will use every appropriate resource to gain the safe return of American citizens held hostage. At the same time, it is U.S. government policy to deny hostage takers the benefits of ransom, prisoner releases, policy changes, or other acts of concession.
History
An Office for Combatting Terrorism was created in the State Department in 1972 after the Munich Olympics terrorist attack. Its name and legal authorization has changed a few times, and it was renamed the Bureau of Counterterrorism in 2012.[6]
In reaction to the State Department's 2004 proposal to omit terrorism figures from its report to Congress, Larry C. Johnson stated that the State Department was put in charge of coordinating counterterrorism functions across government agencies by a presidential directive in 1986.[7] Johnson wrote:
I believe that part of the reason the statistics became an issue again this year is because of the failure to keep the position of the Coordinator for Counter Terrorism filled with a competent Presidential appointee. That slot has been vacant now for almost six months.
While the conventional wisdom is that State Department’s role in combating terrorism consists of sending stern diplomatic notes to terrorists, it is an unfair and inaccurate perception. State Department’s role as the lead for coordinating international terrorism emerged in the mid-1980s in the wake of devastating attacks in Lebanon.
A National Security Decision Directive signed by President Ronald Reagan in early 1986 gave State the responsibility of coordinating international terrorism policy. This was in response to an interagency fight that broke out during an effort to apprehend the terrorists responsible for the hijacking of the Achille Lauro cruise ship. While flying over Italy in late 1985 in pursuit of Abu Abbas, a State Department official and a CIA officer argued heatedly over who was in charge of the mission.
Recognizing the need for a clear chain of command the Department of State was put in charge of coordinating the efforts of CIA, DOD, and FBI to track and deal with terrorism. The first man put in charge of this effort was L. Paul (Jerry) Bremer.
The Department of State reorganized again in January 2012, elevating the former Office for the Coordinator for Counterterrorism to a bureau after the Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review[8][9]
In early 2016, the Obama administration announced an overhaul in the bureau's programs in response to the growing threat of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.[10][11] Among the changes planned was the reorganization of the bureau into the Bureau of Counterterrorism and Countering Violent Extremism.[12] As of August 2023, the bureau moved under the purview of the under secretary of state for political affairs.[13]
See also
References
- ^ a b "Inspection of the Bureau of Counterterrorism" (PDF). Office of the Inspector General of the Department of State. June 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 22, 2016. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
- ^ "Tina S. Kaidanow". U.S. Department of State. February 18, 2014. Retrieved November 18, 2015.
- ^ Hudson, John (February 1, 2016). "Growth of Islamic State Forces State Department Overhaul". Foreign Policy. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
- ^ McKenzie, Robert (October 18, 2016). "Countering violent extremism in America: Policy recommendations for the next president". Brookings Institution. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
- ^ "Bureau of Counterterrorism to Add Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) to Its Mandate". Diplopundit. February 2, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
- ^ About Us. U.S. State Department Bureau of Counterterrorism.
- ^ Johnson, Larry C. 2005. Terrorism: Why the Numbers Matter.
- ^ United States Department of State
- ^ United States Department of State
- ^ "Statement by NSC Spokesperson Ned Price on Updates to U.S. Government Efforts to Counter Violent Extremism". whitehouse.gov. January 8, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2016 – via National Archives.
- ^ "Obama administration plans shake-up in propaganda war against ISIS". The Washington Post. January 8, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
- ^ "Growth of Islamic State Forces State Department Overhaul". Foreign Policy. February 1, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
- ^ https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/DOS-Org-Chart_Aug2023-9.11.2023.pdf [bare URL PDF]
External links
- Bureau of Counterterrorism
- v
- t
- e
Deputy Secretary of State for
Management and Resources
- Office of Foreign Assistance
- Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy
- Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization
- Office of the U.S. Coordinator for the Arctic Region
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg/75px-U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg.png)
Political Affairs
- Bureau of African Affairs
- Bureau of Counterterrorism
- Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs
- Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs
- Bureau of International Organization Affairs (United States Mission to the United Nations)
- Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs
- Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs
- Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs
Growth, Energy, and the Environment
- Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs
- Bureau of Energy Resources
- Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs
- Office of the Chief Economist
- Office of Global Food Security
- Office of Global Partnerships
- Office of the Science and Technology Advisor to the Secretary
and International Security
- Bureau of Arms Control, Verification and Compliance
- Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation
- Bureau of Political-Military Affairs
- International Security Advisory Board
Diplomacy and Public Affairs
- Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs
- Bureau of Global Public Affairs
- Global Engagement Center
- International Expositions Unit
- Office of Global Youth Issues
- Office of Policy, Planning, and Resources for Public Affairs and Public Diplomacy
- United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy
for Management
- Bureau of Administration
- Bureau of Budget and Planning
- Bureau of Consular Affairs
- Bureau of Diplomatic Security
- Bureau of Global Talent Management
- Bureau of Information Resource Management
- Bureau of Medical Services
- Bureau of Overseas Buildings Operations
- Bureau of the Comptroller and Global Financial Services
- Foreign Service Institute (Office of the Historian)
- Office of Foreign Missions
- Director of Diplomatic Reception Rooms
- Office of Management Strategy and Solutions
- Office of White House Liaison
Democracy, and Human Rights
- Bureau of Conflict and Stabilization Operations
- Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
- Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs
- Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration
- Office of Global Criminal Justice
- Office of International Religious Freedom
- Office of the Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism
- Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons
directly to the Secretary
- Chief of Staff
- Office of the Counselor
- Bureau of Global Health Security and Diplomacy
- Bureau of Intelligence and Research
- Bureau of Legislative Affairs
- Executive Secretariat (Operations Center)
- Policy Planning Staff (Foreign Affairs Policy Board)
- Office of Civil Rights
- Office of Diversity and Inclusion
- Office of Global Women's Issues
- Office of Inspector General
- Office of the Chief of Protocol
- Office of the Legal Adviser
- Office of the Ombudsman
- Office of the Secretary's Special Representative for Syria Engagement
- Office of the Special Envoy for Critical and Emerging Technology
- Office of the Special Presidential Envoy for Hostage Affairs
- Office of the Special Presidential Envoy for Climate
- Office of the Special Representative for Venezuela
- Office of the United States Security Coordinator for Israel and the Palestinian Authority
- Office of the U.S. Special Coordinator for the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment
- Iran Action Group
- Foreign Service Grievance Board
- Secretary's Open Forum