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Cladophorales

Cladophorales
Temporal range: 1000–0 Ma
Cladophora sp.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Chlorophyta
Class: Ulvophyceae
Order: Cladophorales
Haeckel
Families
Synonyms
  • Siphonocladales Oltmanns[1]

Cladophorales are an order of green algae, in the class Ulvophyceae.[2] Most members of this order are found in marine habitats; transitions to freshwater have occurred four times, in Pithophoraceae, Cladophora, Rhizoclonium, and Pseudorhizoclonium respectively.[1][3] Only two genera, Spongiochrysis[4] and Pseudorhizoclonium, are terrestrial.[3]

The earliest known representative is Proterocladus antiquus from the Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic boundary in North China.[5]

The order Cladophorales consists of filamentous macroalgae attached to a surface. The filaments are uniseriate (one cell thick) with multinucleate cells, and range from unbranched to profusely branched. In some taxa, the filaments are modified into giant single cells, three-dimensional networks of branches, or pseudoparenchymatic clusters.[1] Reproduction occurs vegetatively, asexually, and sexually. Vegetative reproduction occurs by fragmentation of filaments. Asexual reproduction occurs via zoospores, which are biflagellate or quadriflagellate. Sexual reproduction is isomorphic and diplohaplontic, involving alternating sporophyte and gametophyte generations which are morphologically identical. Gametes are biflagellate, and meiospores are quadriflagellate.[1]

Currently, Cladophorales has an expanded circumscription that includes Siphonocladales. Classification has been difficult, because the simple morphology has led to convergent evolution. The current hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships are shown below:[1]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Škaloud, Pavel; Rindi, Fabio; Boedeker, Christian; Leliaert, Frederik (2018). Chlorophyta: Ulvophyceae. Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa. Vol. 13. Berlin, Germany: Springer Spektrum. pp. i–x, 1–289. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-55495-1. ISBN 978-3-662-55494-4.
  2. ^ See the NCBI webpage on Cladophorales. Data extracted from the "NCBI taxonomy resources". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 2007-03-19.
  3. ^ a b Sherwood, Alison R.; Boedeker, Christian; Havens, Amy J.; Carlile, Amy L.; Wilcox, Michael D.; Leliaert, Frederik (2 January 2019). "Newly discovered molecular and ecological diversity within the widely distributed green algal genus Pseudorhizoclonium (Cladophorales, Ulvophyceae)". Phycologia. 58 (1): 83–94. Bibcode:2019Phyco..58...83S. doi:10.1080/00318884.2018.1517539. S2CID 91599910.
  4. ^ Rindi, Fabio; López-Bautista, Juan M.; Sherwood, Alison R.; Guiry, Michael D. (2006). "Morphology and phylogenetic position of Spongiochrysis hawaiiensis gen. et sp. nov., the first known terrestrial member of the order Cladophorales (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta)". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 56 (4): 913–922. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.63977-0. PMID 16585715.
  5. ^ Tang, Qing; Pang, Ke; Yuan, Xunlai; Xiao, Shuhai (February 2020). "A one-billion-year-old multicellular chlorophyte". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 4 (4): 543–549. Bibcode:2020NatEE...4..543T. doi:10.1038/s41559-020-1122-9. PMC 8668152. PMID 32094536.


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