Graphic medicine
Graphic medicine connotes the use of comics in medical education and patient care.[1][2]
Overview
The phrase graphic medicine was coined by Dr. Ian Williams,[3][4] founder of GraphicMedicine.org, to denote "the intersection between the medium of comics and the discourse of healthcare".[5] Comics offer an engaging, powerful, and accessible method of delivering illness narratives.[6] The academic appraisal of graphic fiction is in its infancy, but its examination by academics involved in healthcare-related studies is increasing, with work emerging in journals.[4]
It is notable that the medical humanities movement in many medical schools advocates the framework and use of literature in exploring illness, from practitioner and patient perspectives.[4][7]
A late-2010s entry to the scholarly study of graphic medicine is the PathoGraphics Research Group, an Einstein Foundation-funded project at the Free University of Berlin (2016–2019) under the direction of Irmela Marei Krüger-Fürhoff, and with the collaboration of Susan M. Squier of the Pennsylvania State University.[8] The group is concerned with the study of illness narratives, or "pathographies," and works of graphic medicine.[9]
History
Visual treatment and graphic novels
Comic books centered around public health originated in the 1940s; the earliest examples averaged around twelve pages and were aimed at preventive instruction for children. Early newsstand comics that focused on medical topics included EC's Psychoanalysis (1955) and Archie's Adventures of Young Dr. Masters (1964).[10] Other early notable works of graphic medicine include the Strip AIDS anthologies (1987-1988); Al Davison's The Spiral Cage (1990); Milligan & McCarthy's Skin (1992); Pekar, Brabner, and Stack's Our Cancer Year (1993); and Bryan Talbot's The Tale of One Bad Rat (1994–1995).
Since the turn of the 21st century, dozens of comics and graphic novels have been published that address such health topics as depression, drug abuse, and PTSD. The genre has evolved and such graphic novels are now commonly at least 150 pages long and focus more on adult struggles with physical or mental illness.[11]
In 2007, while writing a master's dissertation on medical narratives in comics and graphic novels,[12] Ian Williams set up the Graphic Medicine website.[3] During this period, he found two essays by Susan M. Squier on the topic; Squier is Penn State's Brill Professor of English and Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, and she teaches graphic medicine to Ph.D. students at Penn State.[13] Scholars from around the world who were interested in comics and healthcare began to get in touch, notably Professor Michael Green, who had recently set up a graphic narratives course at Hershey Medical School at Penn State University,[14] and MK Czerwiec, a.k.a. "Comic Nurse", who had, for many years, been recording her experiences as an HIV/AIDS hospice nurse in comics form.[15]
Green invited his colleagues Kimberley Myers, of the Medical Humanities Program at Penn State Milton Hershey Medical School, and Susan M. Squier, whose work Williams had encountered earlier, to the discussion group, and Williams introduced Maria Vaccarella, Giskin Day, and Columba Quigley.[7] The group decided to hold a conference, in 2010 at The University of London,[16] which led to a series of annual international conferences with presentations that are frequently posted as podcasts after the conference.
In 2014, the first American Library Association Will Eisner Graphic Novel Growth Grant was awarded to Ypsilanti District Library, (Ypsilanti, Michigan) for its proposal to build a collection of graphic medicine narratives.[17] (Author MK Czerwiec lectured in the fall of 2014 at Ypsilanti's St. Joseph Mercy Hospital in support of this grant.)[18] To date, the Ypsilanti District Library collection contains over 200 graphic medicine titles.[19]
Penn State University Press published The Graphic Medicine Manifesto in 2015, which was nominated for the Eisner Award for Best Academic/Scholarly Work in 2016.[20][21][3] The Graphic Medicine Manifesto was the inaugural volume in the ongoing Graphic Medicine series at Penn State University Press,[22] which was originally co-edited by Susan M. Squier and Ian Williams. As of 2023, the series includes more than 20 titles.[23][24]
In 2018, the United States National Library of Medicine launched the exhibition, "Graphic Medicine: Ill-Conceived and Well Drawn!", curated by Ellen Forney, which included a special display, traveling banner exhibition, and online exhibition.[25]
In 2020, Technical Communications Quarterly published a special issue on comics and graphic storytelling. This issue included a category of research articles examining graphic health communication.
In 2021, Menopause: A Comic Treatment, published as part of the Graphic Medicine/Penn State University Press series, and edited by MK Czerwiec,[26] won the Eisner Award for Best Anthology. In addition, Mimi Pond won the Eisner Award for Best Short Story for her contribution to the book, "When the Menopausal Carnival Comes to Town."[27]
Graphic medicine’s popularity keeps growing across the world.[citation needed] In some clinical settings, graphic medicine is being used to explore therapeutic possibilities.[28] Beyond the US and UK, graphic medicine is practiced and studied in Spain,[29] Taiwan, Germany, India, Singapore, and a host of other nations; for example: Monica Lalanda's Medicina Grafica,[30] the Japan Graphic Medicine Association (JGMA), and the Graphic Medicine Lab in India.
Notable works of graphic medicine
- Sources[31][32][33]
- Ames, Jonathan; Haspiel, Dean (September 30, 2008). The Alcoholic. Vertigo Comics. ISBN 9781401210564.
- Beauchard, David (2005). Epileptic. Pantheon Books. ISBN 978-0375714689. — originally published in French from 1996 to 2003
- Bell, Cece (September 4, 2014). El Deafo. Abrams. ISBN 9781419712173.
- Brosh, Allie (October 29, 2013). Hyperbole and a Half: Unfortunate Situations, Flawed Coping Mechanisms, Mayhem, and Other Things That Happened. Gallery Books. ISBN 9781451666175.
- Burns, Charles (Oct 18, 2005). Black Hole. Pantheon Books. ISBN 037542380X.
- Chast, Roz (May 6, 2014). Can't We Talk About Something More Pleasant?: A Memoir. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781608198061.
- Cunningham, Darryl (2011). Psychiatriac Tales. Bloomsbury.
- Dahl, Ken (2009). Monsters. Secret Acres. ISBN 9780988814998.
- Engelberg, Miriam (July 6, 2006). Cancer Made Me a Shallower Person: A Memoir in Comics. HarperCollins. ISBN 9780060789732.
- Fies, Brian (March 31, 2006). Mom's Cancer. Abrams. ISBN 9780810971073.
- Farmer, Joyce (2010). Special Exits: A Memoir. Fantagraphics. ISBN 978-1606993811.
- Forney, Ellen (November 6, 2012). Marbles: Mania, Depression, Michelangelo, and Me. Avery. ISBN 9781592407323.
- Green, Katie (2013). Lighter Than My Shadow. Random House UK.
- Hart, Tom (January 12, 2016). Rosalie Lightning: A Graphic Memoir. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 9781250049940.
- Knisley, Lucy (February 26, 2019). Kid Gloves: Nine Months of Careful Chaos. First Second Books. ISBN 9781626728080.
- Kobabe, Maia (May 28, 2019). Gender Queer: A Memoir. Lion Forge Comics (Oni Press). ISBN 9781549304002.
- Krosoczka, Jarrett J. (October 9, 2018). Hey, Kiddo: How I Lost My Mother, Found My Father, and Dealt with Family Addiction. Scholastic Graphix. ISBN 9780545902489.
- Leavitt, Sarah (May 1, 2012). Tangles: a Story about Alzheimer's, My Mother, and Me. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1616086398.
- Linthout, Willy (2010). Years of the Elephant. Ponent Mon S.L.
- Marchetto, Marisa Acocella (September 26, 2006). Cancer Vixen: A True Story. Knopf Publishing Group. ISBN 9780307263575.
- Pekar, Harvey; Brabner, Joyce; Stack, Frank (1994). Our Cancer Year. Four Walls Eight Windows/Running Press. ISBN 978-1568580111.
- Powell, Nate (Dec 2, 2008). Swallow Me Whole. Top Shelf Productions. ISBN 9781603090339.
- Roca, Paco (July 26, 2016). Wrinkles. Fantagraphics. ISBN 9781606999325. — originally published in Spain in 2007
- Small, David (September 8, 2009). Stitches. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393068573.
- Streeten, Nicola (October 27, 2011). Billy, Me & You: A Memoir of Grief and Recovery. Myriad Editions. ISBN 9780956559944.
- Telgemeier, Raina (February 1, 2010). Smile. Scholastic Graphix. ISBN 9780545132060.
- Una (September 30, 2015). Becoming Unbecoming. Myriad Editions/Arsenal Pulp Press. ISBN 9781551526539.
- Wertz, Julia (September 15, 2012). The Infinite Wait and Other Stories. Koyama Press. ISBN 9780987963024.
- Williams, Ian (June 26, 2014). The Bad Doctor: The Troubled Life and Times of Dr. Iwan James. Myriad Editions/Penn State University Press. ISBN 9780271067544.
Exhibitions
- 2018 "Graphic Medicine: Ill-Conceived and Well Drawn!",[2] (United States National Library of Medicine), including the video "A Conversation about Graphic Medicine"
- 2022 "[Re]Framing Graphic Medicine: Comics and the History of Medicine" (University of Chicago) — featuring "serialized prints, illustrated newspapers and magazines, comic books, zines, digital comics and graphic memoirs," curated by Brian Callender and André G. Wenze[34]
See also
Further reading
- Anderson, Patricia F.; Wescom, Elise; Carlos, Ruth C. (2016). "Difficult Doctors, Difficult Patients: Building Empathy". Journal of the American College of Radiology. 13 (12): 1590–1598. doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2016.09.015. PMID 27888946.
- Bahl, Erin Kathleen; Figueiredo, Sergio; Shivener, Rich, eds. Special issue on Comics and Graphic Storytelling in Technical Communication: Technical Communication Quarterly vol. 29, issue 3 (2020).
- Czerwiec, MK; Williams, Ian; Squier, Susan Merrill; Green, Michael J.; Myers, Kimberly R.; and Smith, Scott T. The Graphic Medicine Manifesto (Penn State University Press, 2015, ISBN 9780271066493). Content summary: "Combining scholarly essays with visual narratives and a conclusion in comics form, establishes graphic medicine as a new area of scholarship. Demonstrates that graphic medicine narratives offer patients, family members, and medical caregivers new ways to negotiate the challenges of the medical experience. Discusses comics as visual rhetoric."
- Garrison-Joyner, Veronica; Caravella, Elizabeth (2020-07-02). "Lapses in Literacy: Cultural Accessibility in Graphic Health Communication". Technical Communication Quarterly. 29 (3): iii–xxv. doi:10.1080/10572252.2020.1768295. ISSN 1057-2252. S2CID 219421435.
- Green, MJ; Myers, KR (3 Mar 2010). "Graphic medicine: use of comics in medical education and patient care". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 340: c863. doi:10.1136/bmj.c863. PMID 20200064. S2CID 33841883.
- Green, MD, MS, Michael J. (June 2015). "Comics and Medicine: Peering Into the Process of Professional Identity Formation". Academic Medicine. 90 (6): 774–779. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000000703. PMID 25853686.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Petersen, Emily January; Matheson, Breeanne (2 July 2020). ""Speaking so that We are Heard:" A Zulu Comic Book as Women's Social Action in 1990s South Africa". Technical Communication Quarterly. 29 (3): 271–286. doi:10.1080/10572252.2020.1768290. ISSN 1057-2252. S2CID 219410980.
- Pieper, Claudia; Antonino Homobono (Sep 2000). "Comic as an education method for diabetic patients and general population". Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 50.
- Squier, Susan M (Summer 2007). "Beyond Nescience: The Intersectional Insights of Health Humanities". Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 50 (3): 334–47. doi:10.1353/pbm.2007.0039. PMID 17660629. S2CID 31236212.
- Squier, Susan M. (1 June 2008). "So Long as They Grow Out of It: Comics, The Discourse of Developmental Normalcy, and Disability". Journal of Medical Humanities. 29 (2): 71–88. doi:10.1007/s10912-008-9057-1. ISSN 1573-3645. PMID 18392671. S2CID 6163218.
- Squier, Susan M. and Marks, J. Ryan, eds. Special issue on Graphic Medicine. Configurations: A Journal of Literature, Science, and Technology vol. 22, issue 2 (Spring 2014)
- Squier, Susan M. and Krüger-Fürhoff, Irmela Marei, eds. PathoGraphics: Narrative, Aesthetics, Contention, Community (Penn State University Press Graphic Medicine book series, 2020)
- Tuohy, Patricia (July 2018). "Reading graphic medicine". Journal of the Medical Library Association. 106 (3): 387–390. doi:10.5195/jmla.2018.449. PMC 6013142. PMID 29962918.
- Venkatesan, Sathyaraj; Dastidar, Diptarup Ghosh (2020-05-03). "On voicelessness, graphic medicine and beyond: an interview with Georgia Webber". Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics. 12 (5): 1177–1182. doi:10.1080/21504857.2020.1748676. ISSN 2150-4857. S2CID 219058503.
- Venkatesan, Sathyaraj; Joshi, Ishani Anwesha (2022). "'The Time Is out of Joint': Temporality, COVID-19 and Graphic Medicine". Medical Humanities. 48 (4): e15. doi:10.1136/medhum-2021-012357. PMC 8948076. PMID 35301268.
- Venkatesan, Sathyaraj; Joshi, Ishani Anwesha (2022). "Covid-19, Graphic Medicine, and Thinking beyond Data". Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 65 (4): 694–709. doi:10.1353/pbm.2022.0061. PMID 36468398. S2CID 254221579.
- Williams, IC (2012-01-25). "Graphic medicine: comics as medical narrative". Medical Humanities. 38 (1): 21–7. doi:10.1136/medhum-2011-010093. PMID 22282425. S2CID 46704658.
References
- ^ Green, MJ; Myers, KR (2010-03-03). "Graphic medicine: use of comics in medical education and patient care". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 340: c863. doi:10.1136/bmj.c863. PMID 20200064. S2CID 33841883.
- ^ a b Tuohy, Patricia (July 2018). "Reading graphic medicine". Journal of the Medical Library Association. 106 (3): 387–390. doi:10.5195/jmla.2018.449. PMC 6013142. PMID 29962918.
- ^ a b c Ford, Andrea (July 24, 2015). "Graphic medicine takes flight". Stanford Medicine.
- ^ a b c Willberg, Kriota (June 12, 2018). "GET A GRIP!: How Graphic Medicine is changing the landscape of medical care". The Beat.
- ^ Williams, Ian. "Why "Graphic Medicine" ?". Graphic Medicine. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
- ^ "Hektoen International". Graphic medicine: how comics are revolutionizing the representation of illness. Archived from the original on 27 March 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2012.
- ^ a b Williams, Ian (10 June 2011). "Graphic Medicine #1: Of Comics, Disease and Stigma". Comics Forum.
- ^ "First funding period (2016–2021)". PATHOGRAPHICS (2016–2021). Free University of Berlin. 18 November 2019. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
- ^ "PathoGraphics". PATHOGRAPHICS (2016–2021). Free University of Berlin. 28 September 2015. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
- ^ "Adventures of Young Dr. Masters: Archie, 1964 Series". Grand Comics Database. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
- ^ Schneider, E. (2014). "Quantifying and Visualizing the History of Public Health Comics" (PDF). iConference, Berlin, Germany. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-10-29. Retrieved 2023-06-26.
- ^ Chute, Hillary (March 22, 2019). "GRAPHIC CONTENT: Graphic Novels That Will Diagnose Your Disease". The New York Times.
- ^ Winner, Cherie (Feb 16, 2021). "Comics aren't just for kids anymore: Penn State has emerged as a leader in the field of health-themed comics — known as "graphic medicine". Penn State University.
- ^ WRIGHT, MARY ELLEN (Mar 13, 2018). "50 YEARS OF ETHICS COURSES AND MORE: For future doctors, humanities classes required at Penn State's medical school in Hershey: Curriculum instituted when College of Medicine opened in 1967". LNP.
- ^ "'Comic Nurse' MK Czerwiec Delights Crowd in Keynote on Graphic Medicine". Albion College. April 1, 2022.
- ^ Simons, Dean (Jan 5, 2023). "Graphic Medicine Award 2023 opens for submissions and expands to two categories: The second annual Graphic Medicine Award will now take separate submissions for long form and short form work". The Beat.
- ^ Reid, Calvin (Jul 3, 2014). "ALA Awards 2014 Will Eisner Graphic Novel Grants for Libraries". Publishers Weekly.
- ^ HERNDON, DAVE (November 25, 2014). "Comic books and graphic novels called next wave in medical treatment: M.K Czerwiec, also known as "Comic Nurse" recently gave a presentation on using comics in medicine at St. Joseph Mercy Hospital in Ypsilanti". The News-Herald.
- ^ "How graphic novels are helping doctors and patients". Ypsilanti District Library. March 2, 2020.
- ^ Brown, Luke (2016-07-23). "28th Eisner Awards: The Complete Winners and Nominees". ComicsAlliance. Archived from the original on 2022-10-13. Retrieved 2023-06-16.
- ^ Zuger, M.d., Abigail (June 29, 2015). "Review: 'The Bad Doctor' and 'Graphic Medicine Manifesto'". The New York Times.
- ^ Alverson, Brigid (Oct 7, 2020). "PSU Press Launches Graphic Mundi Imprint". Publishers Weekly.
The new imprint will build on the press's Graphic Medicine series...
- ^ "Graphic Medicine". Penn State University Press. Retrieved May 12, 2023.
- ^ Eckstein, Joe (Mar 22, 2021). "How Penn State University Press tackled the coronavirus pandemic through comics". Daily Collegian.
- ^ "NLM Launches "Graphic Medicine: Ill-Conceived and Well Drawn!"". National Library of Medicine. 2018-01-09.
- ^ Czerwiec, MK, ed. (2020). Menopause: A Comic Treatment. Graphic Medicine/Penn State University Press. ISBN 978-0271087122.
- ^ Grunenwald, Joe (July 23, 2021). "ComicCon@Home '21: The 2021 Eisner Award winners". The Beat.
- ^ Venkatesan, Sathyaraj; Peter, Anu (22 March 2018). "'I Want to Live, I Want to Draw': The Poetics of Drawing and Graphic Medicine". Journal of Creative Communications. 13 (2): 104–116. doi:10.1177/0973258618761406. S2CID 149107320. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
- ^ "La UNIA inaugura el primer máster en medicina gráfica de España". Europa Press Andalucía (in Spanish). 2021-01-15.
- ^ "Medicina gráfica". 2024-02-12.
- ^ Jaggers, Alice; Noe, Matthew. "Essential Graphic Medicine: An Annotated Bibliography". GraphicMedicine.org. Retrieved 28 Jun 2023.
Funded by an American Library Association Carnegie-Whitney Grant
- ^ Green, MD, MS, Michael J. (June 2015). "Comics and Medicine: Peering Into the Process of Professional Identity Formation". Academic Medicine. 90 (6): 774–779. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000000703. PMID 25853686.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Graphic Medicine & Comics in Healthcare". University of Michigan Library. Retrieved Jan 17, 2024.
Here are a few selective examples of graphic medicine works available in the University of Michigan Libraries and online.
- ^ "[Re]Framing Graphic Medicine: Comics and the History of Medicine". University of Chicago Library. Apr 19, 2022.
External links
- GraphicMedicine.org
- Graphic Medicine annual conference
- Annals Graphic Medicine by Annals of Internal Medicine
- Penn State Press Graphic Medicine book series
- website of MK Czerwiec, a.k.a. "Comic Nurse"
- Spanish language graphic medicine blog
- Japan Graphic Medicine Association website
- Information about Dr. Sathyaraj Venkatesan, Professor of English at the National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, where he specializes in health humanities and comics studies, with an emphasis on graphic medicine
- O'Luanaigh, Cian (19 July 2010). "My favourite medical graphic novels". The Guardian.
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