Unmanned underwater vehicles
Hadal ARV (Hai-Dou or 海斗 in Chinese, meaning Hadal) is a type of very little known unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) built in the People's Republic of China (PRC). ARV stands for Autonomous Remotely-controlled Vehicle, an idea pioneered in China by Shenyang Institute of Automation (SIA) of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), and SIA is also the developer of Hadal ARV and its predecessor Arctic ARV, as well as Hadal 1 ARV, the successor of Hadal ARV. Hadal and its predecessor Arctic series ARVs are the Chinese counterparts of Nereus hybrid unmanned underwater vehicle, because just like Nereus hybrid UUV, these ARVs can operate both as an AUV or a ROUV.
7B8 ARV
The origin of Hadal ARV can be traced back to 7B8 UUV, which is a further development of the 8A4 ROUV, and it is a Chinese transition from ROUV to Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) used by People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN)[1] Designed by the Shipbuilding Engineering Institute of Harbin Engineering University (HEU) based on the experience of the 8A4 ROUV with Mr. Deng Sanrui (邓三瑞) as the general designer, the 7B8 ROUV was first revealed to the Chinese public in Beijing during the National Science and Technology Exhibition of the People's Liberation Army at the Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution in 1995 while still under development, and members of the Central Military Commission headed by General Liu Huaqing was among those special guests.
The 7B8 ROUV is unique in that in comparison to other Chinese ROUVs, it can also operate independently as an AUV in addition to being operated remotely via tether/cable like ordinary ROUVs. The 7B8 first completed its trials as an ROUV in the 1990s and in 2000. Then it completed AUV trials including autonomously searching underwater targets and autonomous underwater work, and subsequently entered service. When the 7B8 is operated as an AUV, the maximum operating depth is less than when operating as an ROUV. Specifications:
- Length: 4.33 meters
- Width: 1.27 meters
- Height: 1.76 meters
- Weight: 1.69 tons
- Operating depth: 100 meters (when operating as an AUV)
The experience gained from 7B8 would lead to the development of Artic ARV.
Arctic ARV
Arctic (Bei Ji or Beiji 北极 in Chinese) ARV is an UUV developed by SIA, based on the experienced gained from other Chinese designs of AUVs and ROUVs. Unlike previous Chinese AUVs that are fully autonomous, Arctic ARV can be operated in both fully autonomous or remotely piloted mode. The fully autonomous mode is used for large area scan, while remotely piloted mode is used for small area of a particular spot when needed. Remotely operated mode is achieved via fiber optic cable connection, and Arctic ARV can hover over particular spot if required. Arctic ARV (北极 ARV) has been deployed on Xuě Lóng and used in arctic explorations numerous times.[2][3] Successfully completing all missions in July 2008.[3]
Unlike earlier Chinese AUVs all of which adopted a cylindrical body, Arctic ARV is box-shaped, with draft greater than width, and there are tunnel thrusters at both ends of the ARV for better maneuverability. The main propulsion comes from a pair of ducted propeller thrusters with one mounted on each side.[4] The composite buoyancy material is developed by Marine Chemical Research Institute (海洋化工研究院有限公司) Archived 2021-04-23 at the Wayback Machine,[5] of China Haohua Chemical Group Co. Ltd (中国昊华化工集团股份有限公司) Archived 2020-10-06 at the Wayback Machine. Specifications:[3]
- Weight: 350 kg
- Length: 2.1 meter
- Width: 0.65 meter
- Height: 0.7 meter
- Range: up to 3 km
- Hovering depth: 100 m
Second generation Arctic ARV
Arctic ARV design has been updated, with weight reduced by nearly a half while still as capable as the original version, and this updated version is simply referred as second generation Arctic ARV in China.[3] Development completed in early 2010s, and the ARV was first deployed in August 2014.[3] Specifications:[3]
- Weight: 180 kg
- Length: 1.7 meter
- Width: 0.65 meter
- Height: 0.92 meter
- Range: up to 3 km
- Hovering depth: 100 m
Hadal ARV
Earlier Arctic ARV series has proven the idea of combining the capabilities of AUV and ROUV is feasible, and based on the experience gained, Hadal ARV was developed, formally started in April 2014,and completed in 2016.[6][7][8][9]
Contrary to most UUVs that shape like fish,torpedo, or submarine, Hadal ARV is a rectangular shaped,[10][11][12][13] similar to its predecessor Arctic ARV, and like Arctic ARV, Hadal ARV also has one thruster on each side.[10][11][12] However, contrary to Arctic ARV which travels along its length, Hadal ARV travels along its width. Because Hadal ARV has to operate as an AUV when required, it carried internal power source,[10] i.e. batteries, so it only needs fiber-optic tether cable for data transmission, and thus eliminating the heavy power cable. In addition to underwater camera, Hadal ARV also carries other scientific equipment for research pursposes.[10] Specification:[10][9]>[13]
- Weight: 260 kg
- Maximum operating depth: 11000 meter
- Length: 1.85 meter
- Height: 1.2 meter
- Width: 0.4 meter
References
- ^ "7B8" (in Simplified Chinese). March 26, 2022.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "sast". Archived from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f "Arctic ARV and 2nd generation Arctic ARV" (in Simplified Chinese). December 12, 2015.
- ^ Arctic ARV Archived 2013-06-28 at archive.today
- ^ "Arctic ARV buoyancy material". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2022-04-01.
- ^ "Hadal UUV". Sohu (in Simplified Chinese). August 30, 2016.
- ^ "Hadal unscrewed vehicle" (in Simplified Chinese). September 5, 2016.
- ^ "Hadal uncrewed underwater vehicle" (in Simplified Chinese). October 27, 2021.
- ^ a b "Hadal underwater robot" (in Simplified Chinese). September 13, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e "Hadal ARV" (in Simplified Chinese). April 14, 2018.
- ^ a b "Hadal Autonomous Remotely-controlled vehicle" (in Simplified Chinese). August 10, 2018.
- ^ a b "Hadal unmanned underwater vehicle" (in Simplified Chinese). August 9, 2018.
- ^ a b "Hadal ARV specification" (in Simplified Chinese).
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Basic equipment | |
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Breathing gas | |
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Buoyancy and trim equipment | |
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Decompression equipment | |
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Diving suit | |
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Underwater breathing apparatus | |
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Remotely operated underwater vehicles | |
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General | |
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Activities | |
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Competitions | |
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Equipment | |
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Freedivers | |
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Hazards | |
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Historical | |
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Organisations | |
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Occupations | |
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Underwater work | Salvage diving | - SS Egypt
- Kronan
- La Belle
- SS Laurentic
- RMS Lusitania
- Mars
- Mary Rose
- USS Monitor
- HMS Royal George
- Vasa
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Diving contractors | |
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Tools and equipment | |
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Underwater weapons | |
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Specialties | |
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Diving tourism industry | |
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Diving hazards | |
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Diving procedures | |
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Risk management | |
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Diving disorders | Pressure related | Oxygen | |
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Breathing gas contaminants | |
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Immersion related | |
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Treatment | |
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Personnel | |
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Screening | |
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Research | Researchers in diving physiology and medicine | |
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Archeological sites | |
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Underwater art and artists | |
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Engineers and inventors | |
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Historical equipment | |
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Military and covert operations | - Raid on Alexandria (1941)
- Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior
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Scientific projects | |
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Awards and events | |
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Incidents | Dive boat incidents | |
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Diver rescues | |
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Early diving | |
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Freediving fatalities | |
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Offshore diving incidents | - Byford Dolphin diving bell accident
- Drill Master diving accident
- Star Canopus diving accident
- Stena Seaspread diving accident
- Venture One diving accident
- Waage Drill II diving accident
- Wildrake diving accident
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Professional diving fatalities | |
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Scuba diving fatalities | |
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Publications |
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Manuals | - NOAA Diving Manual
- U.S. Navy Diving Manual
- Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival
- Underwater Handbook
- Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving
- Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving
- The new science of skin and scuba diving
- Professional Diver's Handbook
- Basic Scuba
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Standards and Codes of Practice | |
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General non-fiction | |
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Research | |
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Dive guides | |
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Training and registration |
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Diver training | |
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Recreational scuba certification levels | Core diving skills | |
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Leadership skills | |
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Specialist skills | |
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Diver training certification and registration organisations | Commercial diver certification authorities | |
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Commercial diving schools | |
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Free-diving certification agencies | |
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Recreational scuba certification agencies | |
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Scientific diver certification authorities | |
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Technical diver certification agencies | |
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Military diver training centres | |
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Military diver training courses | |
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Surface snorkeling | |
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Breath-hold | |
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Open Circuit Scuba | |
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Rebreather | |
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Sports governing organisations and federations | |
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Pioneers of diving | |
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Underwater scientists archaeologists and environmentalists | |
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Scuba record holders | |
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Underwater filmmakers and presenters | |
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Underwater photographers | |
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Underwater explorers | |
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Aquanauts | |
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Writers and journalists | |
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Rescuers | |
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Frogmen | |
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Commercial salvors | |
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Diving physics | |
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Diving physiology | |
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Diving environments | |
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Other |
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Deep-submergence vehicle | - Aluminaut
- DSV Alvin
- American submarine NR-1
- Bathyscaphe
- Archimède
- FNRS-2
- FNRS-3
- Harmony class bathyscaphe
- Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe
- Trieste II
- Deepsea Challenger
- Ictineu 3
- JAGO
- Jiaolong
- Konsul-class submersible
- Limiting Factor
- Russian submarine Losharik
- Mir
- Nautile
- Pisces-class deep submergence vehicle
- DSV Sea Cliff
- DSV Shinkai
- DSV Shinkai 2000
- DSV Shinkai 6500
- DSV Turtle
- DSV-5 Nemo
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Submarine rescue | Deep-submergence rescue vehicle | |
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Submarine escape | |
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Neutral buoyancy facilities for Astronaut training | |
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Other | |
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Nuclear ballistic missile (SSBN) | |
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Nuclear attack (SSN) | |
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Conventional attack (SS/SSK) | |
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Ammunition ships (AE/AEM) | |
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Buoy tenders (AGL) | |
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Cable layers (ARC) | |
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Cargo ships (AK) | Reefer ships (AF) | |
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Cargo ships (AK) | |
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Float-on/float- off ships (AKF) | |
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General stores issue ships (AKS) | |
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Roll-on/roll- off ships (AKR) | |
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Container ships (AKX) | - Converted/militarized container ships
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Self-propelled lighters/barges (YF) | |
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Crane ship (AB) | |
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Degaussing / deperming ships (ADG) | |
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Dive tenders (YDT) | |
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Dredgers (AGD) | |
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Engineering ships | - Engineering ships of unknown class/type: Bei-Gong 275 & 276
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Environmental research ships (AGER) | |
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Fleet Replenishment ship (AEFS) | |
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Floating pile drivers (YPD) | |
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General purpose research ships (AGE) | |
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Harbor utility craft (YFU) | |
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Hospital ships (AH) | Hospital ships (AH) | |
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Medical evacuation ships (AHP) | |
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Ambulance transports (APH) | |
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Ambulance craftd (YH) | |
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Hydrographic survey ships (AGS) | |
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Icebreakers (AGB) | |
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Museum ships | |
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Oceanographic research ships (AGOR) | |
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Oceanographic surveillance ships (AGOS) | |
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Personnel transport (AP) | |
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Range support & target ships (AGT) | |
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Repair ships (AR) | |
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Rescue and salvage ships | |
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Spy ships (AGI) | |
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Submarine support ships | |
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Submersibles (X) | Deep-submergence rescue vehicle (DSRV) | |
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Deep-submergence vehicle (DSV) | |
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Other Submersibles (X) | |
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Diver propulsion vehicles (DPV) | |
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Tankers | |
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Technological research ships | Sonar trials ships | |
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Technical research ships (AGTR) | |
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Unclassified Miscellaneous Submarine (IXSS) | |
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Torpedo trials craft | Torpedo retrievers (TR/TWR) | |
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Torpedo trials ships (YTT) | |
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Tracking ship (AGM) | |
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Training ships (AX) | Training ship (AX) | |
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Training ship, sail (AXS) | |
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Onshore stationary training facilities | |
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Tugs (AT) | Harbor tug (YT) | |
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Large harbor tug (YTB) | |
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Rescue Tug (ATR) | |
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Sea-going Tug (ATA) | |
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Tugs of unknown class/type | - Bei-Tuo 153, 651, 704, 728, Dong-Tuo 845, 861, Nan-Tuo 142, 163, 168, 176, 187, 188
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UAV mothershps (ATLS) | |
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Unmanned surface vehicles (USV) | |
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Unmanned underwater vehicles (UUV) | |
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Wave gliders | - CSSC series
- Hydrovo series
- Ostar series
- THLMT Black Pearl
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Weapon trials ships (AVM/AGM) | |
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* = Under construction or procurement, CG= Classified as guided missile cruiser by NATO, FF= Classified as light frigate by PLAN |