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Isotopes of ytterbium

Isotopes of ytterbium (70Yb)
Main isotopes[1] Decay
Isotope abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
166Yb synth 56.7 h ε 166Tm
168Yb 0.126% stable
169Yb synth 32.014 d ε 169Tm
170Yb 3.02% stable
171Yb 14.2% stable
172Yb 21.8% stable
173Yb 16.1% stable
174Yb 31.9% stable
175Yb synth 4.185 d β− 175Lu
176Yb 12.9% stable
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Yb)

Naturally occurring ytterbium (70Yb) is composed of seven stable isotopes:[n 1] 168Yb, 170Yb–174Yb, and 176Yb, with 174Yb being the most abundant (31.90% natural abundance). 30 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 169Yb with a half-life of 32.014 days, 175Yb with a half-life of 4.185 days, and 166Yb with a half-life of 56.7 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 2 hours, with the majority of them being less than 20 minutes. This element also has 18 meta states, with the most stable being 169mYb (half-life 46 seconds).

The known isotopes of ytterbium range from 149Yb to 187Yb. The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 174Yb is electron capture giving thulium isotopes; the primary mode after is beta emission givivg lutetium isotopes. Of interest[why?] to modern quantum optics, the different ytterbium isotopes follow either Bose–Einstein statistics or Fermi–Dirac statistics, leading to different behavior in optical lattices.

List of isotopes

[edit]


Nuclide
[n 2] 		Z N Isotopic mass (Da)[4]
[n 3][n 4] 		Half-life[1]
[n 5] 		Decay
mode[1]
[n 6] 		Daughter
isotope
[n 7] 		Spin and
parity[1]
[n 5] 		Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Excitation energy[n 5] Normal proportion[1] Range of variation
148Yb 70 78
149Yb 70 79 148.96422(32)# 0.7(2) s β+, p 148Er (1/2+)
β+ (rare) 149Tm
150Yb 70 80 149.95831(32)# 700# ms [>200 ns] β+? 150Tm 0+
151Yb 70 81 150.95540(32) 1.6(5) s β+ 151Tm (1/2+)
β+, p (rare) 150Er
151m1Yb 740(100)# keV 1.6(5) s β+ 151Tm (11/2−)
β+, p (rare) 150Er
151m2Yb 2630(141)# keV 2.6(7) μs IT 151Yb 19/2−#
151m3Yb 3287(141)# keV 20(1) μs IT 151Yb 27/2−#
152Yb 70 82 151.95033(16) 3.03(6) s β+ 152Tm 0+
152mYb 2744.5(10) keV 30(1) μs IT 152Yb (10+)
153Yb 70 83 152.94937(22)# 4.2(2) s β+ 153Tm 7/2−
β+, p (0.008%) 152Er
153mYb 2630(50)# keV 15(1) μs IT 153Yb 27/2−
154Yb 70 84 153.946396(19) 0.409(2) s α (92.6%) 150Er 0+
β+ (7.4%) 154Tm
155Yb 70 85 154.945783(18) 1.793(20) s α (89%) 151Er (7/2−)
β+ (11%) 155Tm
156Yb 70 86 155.942817(10) 26.1(7) s β+ (90%) 156Tm 0+
α (10%) 152Er
157Yb 70 87 156.942651(12) 38.6(10) s β+ 157Tm 7/2−
α (rare) 153Er
158Yb 70 88 157.939871(9) 1.49(13) min β+ (99.99%) 158Tm 0+
α (.0021%) 154Er
159Yb 70 89 158.940060(19) 1.67(9) min β+ 159Tm 5/2−
160Yb 70 90 159.937559(6) 4.8(2) min β+ 160Tm 0+
161Yb 70 91 160.937912(16) 4.2(2) min β+ 161Tm 3/2−
162Yb 70 92 161.935779(16) 18.87(19) min β+ 162Tm 0+
163Yb 70 93 162.936345(16) 11.05(35) min β+ 163Tm 3/2−
164Yb 70 94 163.934501(16) 75.8(17) min EC 164Tm 0+
165Yb 70 95 164.935270(28) 9.9(3) min β+ 165Tm 5/2−
165mYb 126.80(9) keV 300(30) ns IT 165Yb 9/2+
166Yb 70 96 165.933876(8) 56.7(1) h EC 166Tm 0+
167Yb 70 97 166.934954(4) 17.5(2) min β+ 167Tm 5/2−
167mYb 571.548(22) keV ~180 ns IT 167Yb 11/2−
168Yb 70 98 167.93389130(10) Observationally Stable[n 8] 0+ 0.00123(3)
169Yb 70 99 168.93518421(19) 32.014(5) d EC 169Tm 7/2+
169mYb 24.1999(16) keV 46(2) s IT 169Yb 1/2−
170Yb 70 100 169.934767243(11) Observationally Stable[n 9] 0+ 0.02982(39)
170mYb 1258.46(14) keV 370(15) ns IT 170Yb 4−
171Yb 70 101 170.936331515(14) Observationally Stable[n 10] 1/2− 0.14086(140)
171m1Yb 95.282(2) keV 5.25(24) ms IT 171Yb 7/2+
171m2Yb 122.416(2) keV 265(20) ns IT 171Yb 5/2−
172Yb 70 102 171.936386654(15) Observationally Stable[n 11] 0+ 0.21686(130)
172mYb 1550.43(6) keV 3.6(1) μs IT 172Yb 6−
173Yb 70 103 172.938216212(12) Observationally Stable[n 12] 5/2− 0.16103(63)
173mYb 398.9(5) keV 2.9(1) μs IT 173Yb 1/2−
174Yb 70 104 173.938867546(12) Observationally Stable[n 13] 0+ 0.32025(80)
174m1Yb 1518.148(13) keV 830(40) μs IT 174Yb 6+
174m2Yb 1765.2(5) keV 256(11) ns IT 174Yb 7−
175Yb 70 105 174.94128191(8) 4.185(1) d β− 175Lu 7/2−
175mYb 514.866(4) keV 68.2(3) ms IT 175Yb 1/2−
176Yb 70 106 175.942574706(16) Observationally Stable[n 14] 0+ 0.12995(83)
176mYb 1049.8(6) keV 11.4(3) s IT 176Yb 8−
β− (<10#%) 176Lu
177Yb 70 107 176.94526385(24) 1.911(3) h β− 177Lu 9/2+
177mYb 331.5(3) keV 6.41(2) s IT 177Yb 1/2−
178Yb 70 108 177.946669(7) 74(3) min β− 178Lu 0+
179Yb 70 109 178.94993(22)# 8.0(4) min β− 179Lu (1/2−)
180Yb 70 110 179.95199(32)# 2.4(5) min β− 180Lu 0+
181Yb 70 111 180.95589(32)# 1# min [>300 ns] β−? 181Lu 3/2−#
182Yb 70 112 181.95824(43)# 30# s [>300 ns] β−? 182Lu 0+
183Yb 70 113 182.96243(43)# 30# s [>300 ns] β−? 183Lu 3/2−#
184Yb 70 114 183.96500(54)# 7# s [>300 ns] β−? 184Lu 0+
185Yb 70 115 184.96943(54)# 5# s [>300 ns] β−? 185Lu 9/2−#
186Yb[5] 70 116 0+
187Yb[5] 70 117
This table header & footer:
  1. ^ However, all seven of the isotopes are observationally stable, meaning that they are predicted to be radioactive but decay has not been observed yet.
  2. ^ mYb – Excited nuclear isomer.
  3. ^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
  4. ^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
  5. ^ a b c # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
  6. ^ Modes of decay:
    EC: Electron capture


    IT: Isomeric transition
  7. ^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
  8. ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 164Er or β+β+ decay to 168Er with a half-life over 130×1012 years
  9. ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 166Er
  10. ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 167Er
  11. ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 168Er
  12. ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 169Er
  13. ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 170Er
  14. ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 172Er or β−β− decay to 176Hf with a half-life over 160×1015 years

See also

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Daughter products other than ytterbium

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
  2. ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Ytterbium". CIAAW. 2015.
  3. ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
  4. ^ Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
  5. ^ a b Tarasov, O. B.; Gade, A.; Fukushima, K.; et al. (2024). "Observation of New Isotopes in the Fragmentation of 198Pt at FRIB". Physical Review Letters. 132 (072501). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.072501.