Early Cretaceous geologic formation in South Korea
Jinju Formation |
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Stratigraphic range: Albian ~112.4–106.5 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N |
Type | Geological formation |
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Unit of | Shindong Group |
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Underlies | Chilgog Formation, Iljig Formation |
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Overlies | Hasandong Formation |
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Thickness | 1,000–1,800 m (3,300–5,900 ft) |
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Lithology |
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Primary | Shale |
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Other | Sandstone |
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Location |
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Coordinates | Jinju Formation (South Korea) |
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The Jinju Formation (Korean: 진주층; Hanja: 晋州層; RR: Jinju-cheung) is an Early Cretaceous geologic formation in South Korea.[2] Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, although none have yet been referred to a specific genus.[3] The depositional age of this formation spans from approximately 112.4 ± 1.3 to 106.5 million years ago (early Albian) based on detrital zircon U-Pb dating.[4] It predominantly consists of black shale, with sandstone packets, deposited in a fluvial-lacustrine setting.
A diverse arthropod fauna, including freshwater arthropods, spiders, and insects, is known from the formation. Other notable fossils known from the formation include several freshwater fishes, ostracods, and plants. This formation has also "attracted global ichnological attention" for the variety of important ichnofossils.[5] Columnar and rod-shaped stromatolites have also been found here.[6]
Fossil content
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (June 2022) |
Flora
Spiders
Insects
Jinju formation consists of a diverse order of insects: Orthoptera, Homoptera, Mantodea, Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Dermaptera, Neuroptera, Blattoidea, Hemiptera, Odonata, Mecoptera, etc.
Blattodea
Cockroaches of the Jinju Formation[11] |
Genus | Species | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Rhipidioblattina | - R. sp. cf. R. radipinguis
- R?. sp. cf. R. jilinensis
- R. sp. A
| | | | | |
Mesoblattina | - M. sp. A
- M. sp. B
- M. sp. C
- M. sp. D
| | | | | |
Samaroblatta | S. sp. cf. S. rhypha | | | | | |
Blattula | - B. sp. cf. B. exetenuata
- B. sp. A
| | | | | |
Mesoblattula | M. sp. | | | | | |
Indeterminate | A total of 13 indeterminate species | | | | | |
Coleoptera
Beetles of the Jinju Formation[12] |
Genus | Species | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Coptoclava[13] | C. sp. | | | Both nymph and adult fossils are known | A member of the extinct family Coptoclavidae. Similar to C. longipoda, but assigned to a yet undescribed species since C. longipoda is usually considered to be a species complex. | |
Megalithomerus[14] | M. magolhalmii | | | | A member of Elateridae | |
Koreagrypnus[14] | K. jinju | | | | |
Cretosaja[15] | C. jinjuensis | | | | A member of Silphidae | |
Notocupes[16] | N. premeris | | | | A member of Archostemata | |
Asiana[17] | A. pax | | | | |
Brochocoleus[17] | B. sacheonensis | | | | A member of Ommatidae | |
B. cf. punctatus | | | | |
Omma[17] | O. sp. | | | | |
Zygadenia[17] | Z. cornigera | | | | |
Laetopsia[18] | L. leei | | | | A member of Hydrophiloidea | |
L. cf. hydraneoides | | | | |
L. sp. | | | | |
Cretotaenia[18] | C. pallida | | | | |
Dermaptera
Earwigs of the Jinju Formation |
Genus | Species | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
cf. Pygidicranoidea[19] | indeterminate | | | | | |
Diptera
Flies of the Jinju Formation |
Genus | Species | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Buccinatormyia[20] | B. gangnami | | | | A member of the family Zhangsolvidae. Named after Gangnam Style, the famous K-Pop hit song | |
Heteroptera
Heteropterans of the Jinju Formation |
Genus | Species | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Jinjupopovina | J. eosahwae[21] | | | | A member of Yuripopovinidae | |
Hymenoptera
Hymenopterans of the Jinju Formation |
Genus | Species | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Korehelorus | K. jinjuensis[22] | | | | A parasitic wasp belonging to the family Heloridae | |
Hanguksyntexis | H. haeretica[23] | | | | A sawfly belonging to the family Anaxyelidae | |
Odonata
Dragonflies of the Jinju Formation |
Genus | Species | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Hemeroscopus | H. baissicus[24] | | | | | |
Orthoptera
Orthopterans of the Jinju Formation |
Genus | Species | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Panorpidium | P. spica[25] | | | | A member of Elcanidae | |
Raphidioptera
Snakeflies of the Jinju Formation |
Genus | Species | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Mesoraphidia[26] | - M. koreensis
- M. phantasma
| | | | A member of Mesoraphidiidae | |
Neuroptera
Lacewings of the Jinju Formation |
Genus | Species | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Tachinymphes[27] | T. koraiensis | | | | A member of the family Mesochrysopidae. | |
Termites
Termites of the Jinju Formation |
Genus | Species | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Sclerotermes[28] | S. samsiki | | | | Known only from an isolated wing, uncertain placement | |
Crustaceans
Isopoda
Isopods of the Jinju Formation |
Genus | Species | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Archaeoniscus[29] | A. coreaensis | | | | A freshwater occurrence of the genus Archaeoniscus | |
Ostracoda
Ostracods of the Jinju Formation[30] |
Genus | Species | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Scabriculocypris | S. yanbianensis | Jeongcheon | | | | |
Cypridea | - C. jinjuria
- C. khandae
- C. samesi[31]
| C. jinjuria in Gwanghyeon | | | | |
Mongolocypris | M. kohi[32] | | | | | |
Lycopterocypris | L. cf. celsa | Jeongcheon | | | | |
Candona | C. sp. | | | | | |
Djungarica | D. sp. | Jeongcheon | | | | |
Spinicaudata
Clam shrimps of the Jinju Formation |
Genus | Species | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Yanjiestheria[33] | - Y. kyongsangensis
- Y. chekiangensis
- Y. cf. wannanensis
- Y. jinjuensis
- Y. sp.
| | | | | |
Vertebrates
Source:[34]
Actinopterygii
Archosauria
Reptiles of the Jinju Formation |
Genus | Species | Region[38] | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Crocodyliformes indet.[39] | | Goryeong | | a right mandible | | |
Titanosauriformes indet.[40][41] | | Sacheon and Goryeong | | teeth | A tooth from Sacheon was initially suggested to be of Asian Brachiosaurid by Lim, Martin and Baek (2001), but Barrett et al. (2002) and Choi & Lee (2017) consider it to be indeterminate titanosauriform. Meanwhile, another tooth from Goryeong was suggested to be of Diplodocoidea by Yun et al. (2007), but Choi and Lee (2017) also considered it indeterminate titanosauriform. | |
Pterodactyloidea indet.[40][42] | | Goryeong | | teeth | While the KPE 40001 suggested to be of Boreopterid origin by Choi & Lee (2017), Yun (2021) and Yun (2024) consider them to be Anhanguerian instead based on the morphological disparity from Boreopteridae and the results of two-dimensional geometric morphometric analyses.[43][44] | |
Mollusks
Bivalvia
Bivalves of the Jinju Formation[45] |
Genus | Species | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Plicatounio | P. naktongensis | | | | | |
Nagdongia | N. soni | | | | The genus Nagdongia is considered to be synonymous with Nakamuranaia by some. | |
Trigonioides | T. jaehoi | | | | | |
Gastropoda
Gastropods of the Jinju Formation[8] |
Genus | Species | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Brotiopsis | B. kobayashi | | | | Dominant gastropod of the formation | |
Thiara | T. sp. | | | | | |
Viviparus[46] | V. sp. | | | | | |
Ichnofossils
Unnamed ichnofossils from the Jinju Formation include Ornithopod tracks and Caddisfly bioherms.[6]
Ichnofossils of the Jinju Formation |
Ichnogenus | Ichnospecies | Region | Member | Material | Notes | Image |
Grallator[47] | | | | | Theropod track; similar to the ichnospecies G. yangi | |
Corpulentapus[47] | | | | | Theropod track | |
Asianopodus[47] | | | | | Theropod track | |
Dromaeosauriformipes[48] | D. rarus | | | | Didactyl tracks made by either juvenile dromaeosaur or very small species of trackmaker, represents the smallest non-avian dinosaur tracks known. | |
Dromaeosauripus[49] | D. jinjuensis | Namhae[38] | | | Didactyl tracks made by a 40 cm (1.3 ft) tall dromaeosaur. | |
Ignotornis | I. seoungjoseoi[50] | | | | Bird Track | |
Jindongornipes | J. isp.[50] | | | | Bird Track | |
Koreasaltipes[51] | K. jinjuensis | Jinju[38] | | | Traces left by a hopping mammal | |
Neosauroides | N. innovatus[52] | | | | The largest reported lizard trackway in South Korea. | |
cf. Chelichnus[53] | | Sacheon[38] | | | Turtle trackway; first identified as Chelonipus isp.[54] | |
Ranipes[53] | indeterminate | | | | Oldest known frog trackway. Made by a species that hopped in short distances. | |
Crocodylopodus[55] | | | | | First report of this ichogenus from Asia. | |
Batrachopus | B. grandis[56] | | | | Track made by a 3 m (9.8 ft) long bipedal crocodylomorph; the pterosaur trackway ichnospecies Haenamichnus gainensis from the Haman Formation is now assigned to this species as B. cf. grandis.[56] Paleontologist James I. Kirkland expresses doubts on the ichnogenus assignment.[57] | |
Minisauripus | M. isp.[5] | | | | One of the smallest known theropod tracks. Currently the oldest record of this ichnogenus from South Korea. | |
Pteraichnus | - P. gracilis[58]
- "P. seopoensis"[59]
| | | | Pterosaur trackway. P. seopoensis is currently a naked name, since it was only described in a master's thesis. | |
Lockeia | L. gigantus[46] | | | | Resting bivalve trace fossils | |
Diplichnites | D. isp.[8] | | | | Arthropod tracks | |
Coclichnus | C. isp.[8] | | | | Trace by Annelida tracemakers | |
Radialimbricatus[60] | R. bitoensis | | | | Potential tracemakers include arthropods, cnidarians or annelids | |
Protovirgularia[61] | P. dichotoma | | | | First nonmarine occurrence of this ichnotaxon; possibly made by larvae of dragonfly[62] | |
Fictovichnus[63] | indeterminate | | | | Probable insect cocoon or pupation chamber; the earliest record of an insect pupation structure probably associated with a burrow | |
Chondrites | C. isp.[64] | | | | |
Palaeophycus | P. tubularis[64] | | | | | |
Helminthopsis | H. hieroglyphica[64] | | | | | |
Skolithos | S. magnus[64] | | | | | |
Taenidium | T. barretti[64] | | | | | |
Torrowangea | T. rosei[64] | | | | | |
See also
References
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- ^ Jinju Formation in the Paleobiology Database
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