Kayan language (Borneo)

Kayan
Kajan
Native to	Indonesia, Malaysia
Region	Borneo
Ethnicity	Kayans
Native speakers	(35,000 cited 1981–2007)[1]
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Greater North Borneo ? Kayanic Kayan–Murik Kayan
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously: xay – Kayan Mahakam kys – Baram Kayan bfg – Busang Kayan xkn – Kayan River Kayan xkd – Mendalam Kayan ree – Rejang Kayan whu – Wahau Kayan bhv – Bahau
Glottolog	kaya1333  Kayanic

Kayan (Kajan, Kayan proper) is a dialect cluster spoken by the Kayan people of Borneo. It is a cluster of closely related dialects with limited mutual intelligibility, and is itself part of the Kayan-Murik group of Austronesian languages.

Baram Kayan is a local trade language.^{[further explanation needed]} Bahau is part of the dialect cluster, but is not ethnically Kayan.

Glottolog v4.8 classifies the Kayan dialect cluster as follows:

The following is based on the Baram dialect:

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t	(tʃ)	k	ʔ
	tense		tː		kː
	voiced	b	d	dʒ	g
Fricative		β	s	(ʃ)		h
Tap/Trill			r
Lateral			l
Approximant		w		j

• /r/ can be heard as either a tap [ɾ] or a trill [r] in free variation.
• /k/ can be heard as [x] when in free fluctuation with [k] in word-medial position.
• /ɲ, ŋ/ can be realized as more fronted [ɲ̟, ŋ̟] when preceding high vocoids.
• /dʒ/ may also be heard as a palatalized stop [dʲ] in free fluctuation.
• /s/ may also be heard as [ʃ] in free variation, and may also fluctuate to a stop sound [tʃ].

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid	ɛ	ə	ɔ
Open		a

• Length [Vː] is said to occur in free variation or in word-final position.
• /i/ can be heard as [ɪ] in initial or medial positions, or in free variation with [i].
• /ə/ can also be heard as [ɘ] in word-medial position.
• /a/ can be heard as [ɐ] before a medial or final /ʔ/ or /h/.
• /ɔ/ can be heard as [o] when before a /ʔ/ or /h/, or in fluctuation with [ɔ].^[2]

Central SarawakKayanicLand DayakMalayo–Chamic *

Aceh–Chamic

Acehnese Cham dialects Chru Haroi Jarai Rade Roglai Tsat

Iban–Malayan

Ibanic Iban Keninjal ? Mualang Remun Seberuang Brunei/Kedayan Malay Bamayo Banjar Berau Malay Bangka Malay Bengkulu Col Duanoʼ Haji Jambi Malay Jakun Kedah Malay Kendayan / Selako ? Kutai Malay Kaur Kerinci Kelantan-Pattani Malay Kubu Orang Laut Lubu Malay Malaysian Indonesian Minangkabau Musi Negeri Sembilan Malay Orang Kanaq Orang Seletar Pahang Malay Pekal Perak Malay Pontianak Malay Reman Malay Sarawak Malay Temuan Terengganu Malay Urak Lawoiʼ

North Borneo *

North Sarawak *	Belait Berawan Bintulu Kelabit Kenyah / Bakung Kiput Lengilu Lundayeh Narom Penan ? Saʼban Sebob Tring Tutoh Tutong Umaʼ Lasan Wahau Kenyah
Northeast Sabah *	Bonggi Idaʼan Molbog ?
Southwest Sabah *	Greater Dusunic * Bisaya–Lotud Brunei Bisaya Lotud Dusunic Eastern Kadazan Kadazandusun Central Dusun Coastal Kadazan Klias River Kadazan Kota Marudu Talantang Kuijau Momogun / Rungus Paitanic Kinabatangan Serudung Abai Sungai Tombonuwo Greater Murutic * Papar Tatana ? Murutic Baukan Ganaʼ Kalabakan Keningau Nunukan Tidung Okolod Paluan Selungai Sembakung Sesayap Tidung Tagol Timugon

Others

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