The following is a list of wars involving Serbia in the Middle Ages as well as late modern period and contemporary history.
The list gives the name, the date, combatants, and the result of these conflicts following this legend:
- Serbian victory
- Serbian defeat
- Result of civil or internal conflict
- Another result (e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result of civil or internal conflict, result unknown or indecisive)
- Ongoing conflict
Middle Ages
[edit]| Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgarian–Serbian wars (medieval) (818–1330 AD) |
 Serbia
|
 Bulgaria
|
Inconclusive
|
| Bulgarian-Serbian War (839–42) Part of the Bulgarian–Serbian wars (medieval) |
 Serbian Principality
|
First Bulgarian Empire | Serbian victory |
| Bulgarian-Serbian War (853) Part of the Bulgarian–Serbian wars (medieval) |
Serbian Principality | First Bulgarian Empire | Serbian victory |
| Bulgarian–Serbian wars of 917–924 Part of the Bulgarian–Serbian wars | Principality of Serbia Byzantine Empire |
Bulgarian Empire | Bulgarian victory
|
| Conquest of Bari |
Frankish Empire |
Emirate of Bari |
Frankish victory
|
| Serb Uprising (927)[3][4][5][6] | .png){kind=small} Principality of SerbiaSupported by: |
Bulgarian Empire
|
Victory
Časlav takes possession of the country after the uprising and submits suzereinity to the Byzantines |
| Magyar-Serb conflict (c. early 9th century or c. 950/960) Part of the Hungarian invasions of Europe |
Serbian Principality | Magyar tribes | Inconclusive
|
| Serb Uprising (1042/1043[7]) | Decisive Doclean Serb victory
| ||
| Byzantine-Norman wars (1040–1189) | Indecisive
| ||
| Byzantine–Serbian War (1090–1095) (1090–1095) Part of the Byzantine–Serbian wars |
Serbian military victory
| ||
| Battle of Zvečan (1094) Part of the Byzantine–Serbian War (1090–1095) |
Serbian victory | ||
| Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–29) | Byzantine victory[12] | ||
| Battle of Myriokephalon (1176) Part of the Byzantine–Seljuq wars |
Byzantine Empire |
Seljuk victory
| |
| Emeric's Balkan campaign (1200–1203) Part of the Fourth Crusade |
.svg){kind=small} Grand Principality of Serbia
|
.svg){kind=small} Kingdom of Hungary Valkan's Clique (as Hungarian vassal).svg){kind=small} Papal States[14]
|
Emeric's Victories |
| Hungarian invasion of Serbia(1237) Part of the Crusade against Bogumils | Grand Principality of Serbia
|
Kingdom of Hungary
|
Victory |
| Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia (1242–1243) Part of the Mongol invasion of Europe |
Second Bulgarian Empire Serbian Kingdom |
Mongol Empire | Mongol victory |
| Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde (1280s–1290s) |
Serbian victory
| ||
| Epirote–Nicaean conflict (1257–1259) |
Despotate of Epirus Kingdom of Serbia |
Empire of Nicaea | Nicaean victory
|
| Serbian-Crusader Conflict | Byzantine victory | ||
| Serbian-Anjou War (1318–1320)[15][16] | Kingdom of Serbia
|
.svg){kind=small} Kingdom of Hungary
|
Partial Victory
|
| War of Hum (1326–1329) | Banate of Bosnia Republic of Ragusa |
Bosnian victory | |
| Bulgarian-Serbian War (1330) Part of the Bulgarian–Serbian wars |
Kingdom of Serbia |
Bulgarian Empire |
Serbian victory[22] |
|
Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 (1342–1347) |
|
|
Kantakouzenos victory
|
| Serbian Invasion of Albania (1342–1345)[23][24] Part of the Byzantine civil war of 1341-1347 |
Kingdom of Serbia Bulgarian Empire Principality of KarvunaSupported by:  John V Palaiologos
|
John VI Kantakouzenos
|
Victory
|
| Serbian-Ottoman War (1352) Part of the Byzantine civil war of 1352–1357 |
John V Palaiologos Serbian Empire Bulgarian Empire |
Ottoman victory
| |
| Serbian Civil War (1356–1359) Part of the Fall of the Serbian Empire | Serbian Empire[25]
|
 Empire of Thessaly (until 1359)Losha Clan  Shpata Family
|
Loyalist Victory
|
| The Feudal Wars (1356–1373) |  Serbian Empire Moravian Serbia District of Branković Realm of Altomanović (until 1369)
Anti-Altomanović Coalition: |
 Lordship of Prilep (1369)
|
Inconclusive
|
| Battle of Kosovo (1389[A]) Part of the Ottoman wars in Europe and the Serbian–Ottoman wars |
Supported by: | Supported by: | Inconclusive |
|
Crusade of Nicopolis (1396) |
Ottoman victory
| ||
| Ottoman-Timurid War 1399–1402 |  Ottoman Empire
Black Tatars |
 Timurid Empire
|
Defeat
|
| Ottoman Interregnum (1402–1413) |
Mehmed's forces |
İsa's forces Süleyman's forces Musa's forces |
Mehmed victory
|
| Second Scutari War (1419–23) |
Zeta (until 1421) |
Inconclusive, See aftermath
| |
| Despotate-Ottoman Wars (1425–1459)[33] Part of the Ottoman Invasions of Serbia and Hungarian–Ottoman Wars |  Serbian Despotate.svg){kind=small} Kingdom of Hungary
|
 Ottoman Empire
|
Eventual Defeat
|
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Partitioned Serbia
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Modern period
[edit]| Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uprising against the Dahije (1804) |
 Serbia |
 Dahije
|
Victory
|
| First Serbian Uprising (1804–1813) Part of the Serbian Revolution |
Supported by: |
Dahijas (1804) Ottoman Empire (from 1805)
|
Defeat
|
| Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) Part of the Serbian Revolution and Russo-Turkish Wars |
 Russian Empire
|
Victory[41] | |
| Hadži-Prodan's rebellion (1814) |
 Serb rebels
|
Ottoman Empire
|
Defeat
|
| Second Serbian Uprising (1815–1817) Part of the Serbian Revolution |
 Serbian rebels
|
Ottoman Empire
|
Victory
|
| Niš Rebellion (1821) |
Serb rebels
|
 Ottoman Empire
|
Defeat
|
| Serbian Involvement in the Greek Revolution Part of the Greek War of Independence |
 Greek Revolutionaries
Military Support: |
.svg){kind=small} Ottoman Empire
|
Greek Victory
|
| Serb uprising (1848–1849) Part of the Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire |
 Serbian Vojvodina
Supported by: |
.svg){kind=small} Kingdom of Hungary (until 14 April 1849).svg){kind=small} Hungarian State (after 14 April 1849)
|
Victory
|
| Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877) Part of the Great Eastern Crisis |
Serb rebels Supported by: Serbia Montenegro
|
Ottoman Empire
|
Defeat |
| First Serbian-Ottoman War (1876–1877) Part of the Great Eastern Crisis |
Ottoman Empire
|
Indecisive
| |
| Second Serbian–Ottoman War (1877–1878) Part of the Great Eastern Crisis and the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) |
Ottoman Empire
|
Victory
| |
| Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) |
 Russian Empire
|
Ottoman Empire
|
Coalition Victory
|
| Timok Rebellion (1883) |
 Kingdom of Serbia
|
People's Radical Party | Victory
|
| Serbo-Bulgarian War (1885) |
Supported by: |
 Bulgaria
|
Defeat
|
| Macedonian struggle (1901) |
 Serbian ChetniksSupported by: Serbia |
 VMRO Ottoman Empire
|
Inconclusive
|
| First Balkan War (1912–1913) Part of the Balkan Wars |
Balkan League: Supported by: | Victory[59] | |
| Serbian invasion of Albania (1912–1913) Part of the Balkan Wars |
Kingdom of Serbia Kingdom of Montenegro
|
 Independent Albania
|
Victory
|
| Tikveš Uprising (1913) |
Serbia Chetniks |
IMRO Supported by: Bulgaria
|
Victory
|
| Second Balkan War (1913) Part of the Balkan Wars |
Victory | ||
| Ohrid-Debar Uprising (1913) |
Serbia Chetniks  Greece
|
IMRO Kachaks
|
Victory
|
| Third Peasant Revolt in Albania (September–October 1914) |
 Republic of Central AlbaniaSupport: .svg){kind=small} Kingdom of Serbia  Kingdom of Italy
|
 Principality of Albania
|
Serbo-Italian backed Republic of Central Albania Victory
|
| Serbian campaign and Balkans theatre (1914–1918) Part of the European theatre of World War I |
Allied Powers
|
Central Powers:
|
Victory |
| Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920) Part of the aftermath of World War I and the Revolutions of 1917–23 |
Victory
| ||
| Impresa di Pola (1918) Part of the Adriatic Campaign in 1918 and the Adriatic question |
Defeat
| ||
| 1918–1920 unrest in Split (1918–1920) Part of the Adriatic question |
 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes United States Italy
|
Italian nationalists renegades
|
Inconclusive
|
| Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia (1918–1919) Part of the aftermath of World War I |
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
|
 German-Austria
|
Military victory |
| Christmas Uprising (1919) Part of the aftermath of World War I and the creation of Yugoslavia |
Montenegrin Whites Victory
| ||
| Drenica-Dukagjin Uprisings (1919–1924) |
.svg){kind=small} Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes |
.svg){kind=small} Kosovar Albanians  Committee for the National Defence of KosovoDiplomatic support:  Albania
|
Victory
|
| Koplik War (1920–1921) |
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes |
Principality of Albania
|
Inconclusive
|
| Albanian-Yugoslav Border War (1921) |
Kingdom of Yugoslavia Kingdom of Greece.svg){kind=small} Republic of Mirdita |
Principality of Albania
|
Inconclusive
|
| Zogu Invasion of Albania (1924) |
Ahmet Zogu supporters (Mati Tribesmen) Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
|
.svg){kind=small} Fan Noli supporters (Albanian peasants) Principality of Albania Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo
|
Zogu-Yugoslav Victory
|
| Invasion of Yugoslavia (1941) Part of the Balkans campaign and Mediterranean theatre of World War II |
Yugoslavia
|
Axis | Defeat
|
| World War II in Yugoslavia (1941–1945) Part of the European theatre of World War II |
Allies
Bulgaria (1944–45)
Yugoslav government-in-exile (1941–44)
|
Axis
German puppet states and governments:
|
Yugoslav Partisan Victory
|
| Yugoslav Involvement in the Years of Lead (1970s-1980s) |  Red Brigades Front Line October 22 Group PAC  Continuous Struggle Workers' Power Workers' Autonomy
Foreign supporters: |
Supported by: |
Defeat
|
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
Contemporary period
[edit]| Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995[A]) Part of the Yugoslav Wars |
1991–92:
1992–95:
|
1994–95:
|
Croatian victory
|
| Bosnian War (1992–1995) Part of the Yugoslav Wars |
Until May 1992: Republika Srpska Serbian Krajina SFR Yugoslavia[d]
May 1992–94: 1994–95: |
Until October 1992: Bosnia and Herzegovina Herzeg-Bosnia Croatia
October 1992–94: October 1992–94: 1994–95: |
Military stalemate
|
| Kosovo War (1998–1999) Part of the Yugoslav Wars[70] |
 FR Yugoslavia
|
|
Kumanovo Agreement[73][74][75][76]
|
| Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001[84]) Part of the Yugoslav Wars |
FR Yugoslavia KFOR
|
 UÇPMB
|
Yugoslav victory[85][86] |
See also
[edit]Footnotes
[edit]- ^ Both the Frankish and Byzantine empires claimed authority over the Croats.[1][2]
- ^ As well as Serbian garrison troops during the Battle of Petrovaradin[citation needed]
- ^ Acceded to the Tripartite Pact, generally considered Axis powers (see e.g., Facts About the American Wars, Bowman, p. 432, which includes them in a list of "Axis powers", or The Library of Congress World War II Companion, Wagner, Osborne, & Reyburn, p. 39, which lists them as "The Axis").
- ^ After all former Yugoslav federal republics except Serbia and Montenegro declared independence, the two declared the creation of a new country – the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia – on 27 April 1992, disbanding the JNA soon afterwards.[68] Serb-controlled units of the JNA participated in combat operations throughout 1991 and up to May 1992 in support of the Republic of Serbian Krajina.[69]
- ^ From August 1998 as the Kosovo Liberation Army as 138th Brigade.
- ^ [78][79][80][81][82][83]
- ^ There was no formal declaration of war. The first armed clash of the war was the Pakrac clash on 1 March 1991, followed by the Plitvice Lakes incident on 31 March 1991, when the first fatalities occurred. The last major combat operation was Operation Storm, from 5–8 August 1995. Formally, hostilities ceased when the Erdut Agreement was signed on 12 November 1995.
- ^ After all former Yugoslav federal republics except Serbia and Montenegro declared independence, the two declared the creation of a new country – the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia – on 27 April 1992, disbanding the JNA soon afterwards.[68] Serb-controlled units of the JNA participated in combat operations throughout 1991 and up to May 1992 in support of the Republic of Serbian Krajina.[69]
- ^ Initially, SAO Krajina, SAO Western Slavonia, and SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia were separate entities and fought individually against the Croatian government. As of December 19, 1991, the SAOs became part of the RSK.
- ^ In 1992–94, Republika Srpska was intermittently involved in Croatian military operations, mostly through provision of military and other aid to the RSK, occasional air raids launched from Mahovljani airbase near Banja Luka, and most significantly through artillery attacks against a number of cities in Croatia, especially Slavonski Brod, Županja, and Dubrovnik.
- ^ As determined by the Badinter Arbitration Committee, SFR Yugoslavia dissolved during the war. On 25 June 1991, the Croatian parliament declared the independence of Croatia, following a referendum held in May. The decision was suspended for three months; the declaration became effective on 8 October 1991, and Croatia was no longer part of Yugoslavia.
- ^ Bosnia and Herzegovina was particularly significant for the war in late 1994 and in 1995. Pursuant to the Washington Agreement, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina was formed as a subunit of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (RBiH) representing both Bosnian Croat and Bosniak (Bosnian Muslim) ethnic groups. Most significantly, the Washington Agreement specifically permitted Croatian Army to enter Bosnia and Herzegovina, thereby allowing operations Cincar and Winter '94 against the army of Republika Srpska, outflanking the RSK capital at Knin and creating a new strategic situation before the decisive battles of the war.
- ^ Three months after the military defeat of the RSK in Operation Storm, the UN-sponsored Erdut Agreement between the Croatian and RSK authorities was signed on 12 November 1995. The agreement provided for a two-year transitional period, later extended by a year, during which the remaining occupied territory of Croatia was to be transferred to control of the Croatian government. The agreement was implemented by UNTAES and successfully completed by 1998.
References
[edit]- ^ Kreutz 1996, p. 173.
- ^ Moravscik & Jenkins 1967, p. 129.
- ^ Porphyrogenitus, Constantine VII (ed.). De Administrando Imperio.
- ^ Станојевић, Станоје (ed.). "I Прве српске државе" Историја српскога народа. Београд.
- ^ Веселиновић, Андрија; Љушић, Радош, eds. (2001). Српске династије. Нови Сад: Плантонеум. ISBN 86-83639-01-0.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) - ^ Острогорски, Георгије, ed. (1993). Историја Византије (II фототипско издање оригинала 1959). Београд.
- ^ Dzino 2023, p. 173.
- ^ Budak, Neven (1994). Prva stoljeća Hrvatske (PDF) (in Croatian). Hrvatska sveučilišna naklada. p. 47. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-05-04. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
- ^ Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472081497. p.225-228.
- ^ Fine 1991, p. 226.
- ^ Title: Srejović, Dragoslav. Mirković, Miroslava. et al.(1981). Istorija srpskog naroda - Prva knjiga: Od najstarijih vremena do Maričke bitke (1371). Series: Istorija srpskog naroda u šest knjiga Publisher: Srpska književna zadruga Beograd Page: 199
- ^ Ostrogorsky (1969), p. 464.
- ^ The battle was decisive in that it saved the Seljuk Sultanate but the military balance between the two belligerents was not greatly affected by its outcome. The bulk of Byzantine Asia Minor was retained for more than a century after the battle. Magdalino 1993, p. 99. "Whatever he [Manuel] said in the moment of defeat, it was not a disaster on the scale of Manzikert… Even Choniates admits that the frontier in Asia Minor did not collapse."
- ^ Curta, Florin, ed. (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge University Press. p. 389. ISBN 978-0-521-89452-4.
- ^ Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr., ed. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. pp. 219–262. ISBN 9781850439776.
- ^ Živković, Tibor; Kunčer, Dragana, eds. (2008). Roger - the forgotten Archbishop of Bar (PDF). Историјски часопис. 56. pp. 191–209.
- ^ Станојевић, Станоје, ed. (1989). Историја српскога народа" (треће издање, репринт издања из 1926). Београд. ISBN 978-86-83639-01-4.
- ^ Фајфрић, Жељко, ed. (1998). Света лоза Стефана Немање. Шид.
- ^ Ћоровић, Владимир, ed. (1989). Историја српског народа (рукопис из 1941). Београд.
- ^ Ћоровић, Владимир, ed. (1989). Историја српског народа (рукопис из 1941). Београд.
- ^ Vásáry 2005, p. 112.
- ^ Vásáry 2005, p. 113.
- ^ Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr., ed. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 301. ISBN 9781850439776.
- ^ Soulis, George Christos, ed. (1984). The Serbs and Byzantium during the reign of Tsar Stephen Dušan (1331–1355) and his successorst. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 19.
- ^ The Serbian Empire of Stefan V fragmented into a conglomeration of principalities, some of which did not even nominally acknowledge his rule.
- ^ Alexandru Madgearu, The Wars of the Balkan Peninsula: Their Medieval Origins, ed. Martin Gordon, (Scarecrow Press, 2008), 90.
- ^ The Crusades and the military orders: expanding the frontiers of latin christianity; Zsolt Hunyadi page 226
- ^ Valerii︠a︡ Fol, Bulgaria: History Retold in Brief, (Riga, 1999), 103.
- ^ Siege of Damascus (1400)
- ^ Timurid invasions of Georgia
- ^ Siege of Smyrna
- ^ "Fetret devri". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. 1988–2016.
- ^ In 1471, the Serbian Despotate was renewed in exile as a vassal of Hungary. Up until its demise in 1540, it spent its entirety fighting the Turks. The state provided support and auxiliary troops to the Kingdom of Hungary.
- ^ Stefan Lazarević and other Serbian Despots had brief conflicts with Bosnia
- ^ Battle of Kosovo (1448)
- ^ Skanderbeg's Serbian Campaign
- ^ During the Second battle of Kosovo, Hunyadis forces ravaged the Serbian countryside which lead to his arrest
- ^ Many Serbs served as Venetian generals during the Cretan war, these include Stojan Janković, Ilija Smiljani, Krsto Vicković, etc.
- ^ Vuk Mandušić and other rebel leaders lead multiple uprisings in Herzegovina 1647-1648
- ^ Meriage, Lawrence P. (27 January 2017). "The First Serbian Uprising (1804-1813) and the Nineteenth-Century Origins of the Eastern Question". Slavic Review. 37 (3): 421–439. doi:10.2307/2497684. JSTOR 2497684. S2CID 222355180.
- ^ a b Davis, G. Doug; Slobodchikoff, Michael O. (2018). Cultural Imperialism and the Decline of the Liberal Order: Russian and Western Soft Power in Eastern Europe. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 88. ISBN 9781498585873.
- ^ Even though the organization officially permitted only Greeks, many Serbs (and even Karađorđe himself) would become members ("brothers") of this organization by the end of the First Serbian Uprising, it is said that Filiki Eteria had a sector in Niš
- ^ Vukov Blog: Graditelj Ćele kule. 29 May 2013.
- ^ ..in the likes of Anastasije Dmitrijević
- ^ A tactical detachment of some 250~ Serbs served under the command of
Charles Nicolas Fabvier, a French Philhellene
- ^ Loukatos. pp. 105–107.
- ^ Benbassa, Esther; Rodrigue, Aron, eds. (2000). Sephardi Jewry: A History of the Judeo-Spanish Community, 14th-20th Centuries. University of California Press. p. 66. ISBN 9780520218222.
- ^ Torsten Ekman (2006). Suomen kaarti 1812–1905 (in Finnish). Helsinki: Schildts. ISBN 951-50-1534-0.
- ^ Daur, Soner. Plevne'de Çerkesler
- ^ Crampton, Richard; Crampton, Benjamin (2016). Atlas of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century. Routledge. p. 15. ISBN 9781317799528.
- ^ Egidio Ivetic, Le guerre balcaniche, il Mulino - Universale Paperbacks, 2006, p. 63
- ^ "Там /в Плевенско и Търновско/ действително се говори, че тези черкези отвличат деца от българи, загинали през последните събития." (Из доклада на английския консул в Русе Р. Рийд от 16.06.1876 г. до английския посланик в Цариград Х. Елиот. в Н. Тодоров, Положението, с. 316)
- ^ Hacısalihoğlu, Mehmet. Kafkasya'da Rus Kolonizasyonu, Savaş ve Sürgün (PDF). Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi.
- ^ BOA, HR. SYS. 1219/5, lef 28, p. 4
- ^ Karataş, Ömer. The Settlement of the Caucasian Emigrants in the Balkans during the 19th Century
- ^ Gawrych, George (2006). The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913. IB Tauris. p. 202. ISBN 9781845112875. "When the First Balkan War broke out, a majority of Albanians, even habitual rebels such as Isa Boletin, rallied in defense of the din ve devlet ve vatan in order to preserve intact their Albanian lands. Lacking a national organization of their own, Albanians had no choice but to rely on Ottoman institutions, its army, and its government for protection from partition. Both failed them miserably in the face of four invading Balkan armies, and as a result foreign invasion and occupation severed that link between the Albanian Eagle and the Ottoman Crescent."
- ^ Kondis, Basil (1976). Greece and Albania, 1908–1914. Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies. p. 84. ISBN 9798840949085.
The Albanian forces fought on the side of Turkey not because they desired a continuance of Turkish rule but because they believed that together with the Turks, they would be able to defend their territory and prevent the partition of "Greater Albania
- ^ Hall, Richard C. (4 January 2002). The Balkan Wars 1912-1913: Prelude to the First World War. Routledge. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-134-58363-8. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
Ottoman regulars supported by Albanian irregulars continued in central and southern Albania even after the signing of the armistice in December 1912
- ^ Anagnostopoulos, Archimandrite Nikodemos (2017). Orthodoxy and Islam: Theology and Muslim–Christian Relations in Modern Greece and Turkey. Taylor & Francis. p. 75. ISBN 9781315297927.
- ^ Document unitaire RAF – BR – PCC (1987) date=March 22, 2013 Archived 2013-03-22 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Christopher, Andrew; Mitrokhin, Vasili (2000). The Sword and the Shield: the Mitrokhin archive and the secret history of the KGB. Basic Books.
- ^ "Gaddafi: A vicious, sinister despot driven out on tidal wave of hatred". The Guardian. 23 August 2011.
- ^ It was dismantled and became inactive.
- ^ "Italian minister falls victim to corruption". The Independent. February 11, 1993. Archived from the original on 2022-05-07.
- ^ Willan, Puppetmasters, p. 161
- ^ Vulliamy, Ed (1990-12-05). "Secret agents, freemasons, fascists ... and a top-level campaign of political 'destabilisation'". The Guardian. Retrieved 2021-06-10.
- ^ "NAR: lo spontaneismo armato neofascista". Ariannaeditrice.it.
- ^ a b "Two Republics Transform Selves Into a New, Smaller Yugoslavia". The Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. 28 April 1992. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
- ^ a b Chuck Sudetic (3 January 1992). "Yugoslav Factions Agree to U.N. Plan to Halt Civil War". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2010.
- ^ Thomas 2006, p. 47.
- ^ Reidun J. Samuelsen (26 March 1999). "Norske jagerfly på vingene i går". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
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