Phosphopeptide

Phosphopeptides are modified self antigens which may induce an immune response.

Protein phosphorylation is a very important and frequent post-translational modification that can impact a protein's localization, stability, and whether or not it can dimerize or form stable bonds with other substances. It is vital to pinpoint which amino acid in the protein’s primary structure is being phosphorylated in order to understand the functions of a phosphopeptide. This is accomplished through phosphopeptide mapping, which involves digestion of a radioactively labeled protein, separation of phosphopeptide products, and finally analysis via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or mass spectrometry. Analysis of phosphopeptides can provide information about which amino acids are phosphorylated and how many sites on the primary sequence are phosphorylated.^[1]

Phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues is conserved during MHC class I and MHC class II antigen processing. Phosphopeptides are thus displayed on the surface of cells. As modified self antigens, they are potentially immunogenic when compared to unmodified self proteins as the immune cells (T-cells) which recognise them are possibly not subject to central tolerance mechanisms. This may contribute to the potential capability of phosophopeptides to serve as tumor antigens in the treatment of colorectal cancer.^[2]

References

^ Meisenhelder, Jill; Hunter, Tony; Geer, Peter (December 1999). "Phosphopeptide Mapping and Identification of Phosphorylation Sites". Current Protocols in Protein Science. 18 (1): Unit13.9. doi:10.1002/0471140864.ps1309s18. ISSN 1934-3655. PMID 18429120. S2CID 9052924.
^ Penny, S; Abelin, J; Saeed, A; Malaker, S; Trantham, P; Shabanowitz, J; Ward, S; Hunt, D; Cobbold, M (2016). "Phosphopeptides as novel tumour antigens in colorectal cancer". European Journal of Cancer. 61: S213. doi:10.1016/S0959-8049(16)61751-3.

Lymphocytic adaptive immune system and complement

Lymphoid

Antigens	Antigen Superantigen Allergen Antigenic variation Hapten Epitope Linear Conformational Mimotope Antigen presentation/professional APCs: Dendritic cell Macrophage B cell Immunogen
Antibodies	Antibody Monoclonal antibodies Polyclonal antibodies Autoantibody Microantibody Polyclonal B cell response Allotype Isotype Idiotype Immune complex Paratope
Immunity vs. tolerance	Action: Immunity Autoimmunity Alloimmunity Allergy Hypersensitivity Inflammation Cross-reactivity Co-stimulation Inaction: Tolerance Central Peripheral Clonal anergy Clonal deletion Tolerance in pregnancy Immunodeficiency Immune privilege
Immunogenetics	Affinity maturation Somatic hypermutation Clonal selection V(D)J recombination Junctional diversity Immunoglobulin class switching MHC/HLA