Prelude and Fugue in E minor, BWV 548
Prelude and Fugue in E minor, BWV 548 is a piece of organ music written by Johann Sebastian Bach sometime between 1727 and 1736,[1] during his time in Leipzig. The work is sometimes called "The Wedge" due to the chromatic outward motion of the fugue theme.[1] Unlike most other organ preludes and fugues of Bach, the autograph fair copy of the score survives,[2] though the handwriting changes twenty two measures into the fugue to the hand of Johann Peter Kellner,[3] a likely pupil and acquaintance of Bach who played an important role in the copying of his manuscripts. Because of the work's immense scope, it has been referred to as "a two-movement symphony" for the organ.[4]
History
The autograph manuscript, along with that of the Prelude and Fugue in B minor, BWV 544, which is believed to have been written around the same time, share the same watermark and style of handwriting, which points to a composition period of 1727-1731.[2] It has been suggested by Christoph Wolff that the work was composed for the organ at the University Church in Leipzig.[5]
Composition
Prelude
The prelude's massive structure is considered to be one of the most intricate in the genre.[4] It bears a concerto-ritornello style similar to other mature organ works, such as the BWV 544 and BWV 546 preludes,[6] with the homophonic opening theme reoccurring between various polyphonic, episodic sequences.
Fugue
The subtitle of the work, commonly referred to as "The Wedge", refers to the first half of the fugue subject, which opens up as a sort of widening, chromatic wedge around the tonic point.[1] The tradition of descending chromatic fourths in Bach's E minor fugue subjects include the BWV 914 harpsichord Toccata, the BWV 855 Prelude and Fugue from the Well Tempered Clavier, Book 1, as well as the "Un poco Allegro" movement from the BWV 528 Organ Sonata.[7] The fugue, clocking at 231 measures, is among Bach's longest and most elaborate organ fugues. The movement is unique in that it is in a three-part structure, with the third da capo section being a note-for-note reprise of the first. The second section suddenly thrusts the piece into an over-one-hundred measure episode of rapid, toccata-like passages of great virtuosity, with the cascading passagework occasionally giving way to the subject.[8]
Reception
Albert Schweitzer described both movements as being "so mighty in design, and have so much harshness blended with their power, that the hearer can only grasp them after several hearings."[9] Philipp Spitta referred to the work as a "two-movement symphony", commenting on the work's "life energy" and the "extreme daring" nature of the fugue subject.[3] Peter Williams attributed the work's "riveting power" to the "easily felt balance between the two movements."[4]
Arrangements
Piano Transcriptions
The piece has been included in Franz Liszt's transcriptions of Bach's six "Great" organ Preludes and Fugues, BWV 543 - 548, for solo piano (S. 462).[10] The piece was also transcribed by Ivan Karlovitsch Tscherlitzky[11] as well as by Samuil Feinberg[12]
Bach Trios Arrangements
The piece has been arranged for mandolin, cello and double bass, and performed by Chris Thile, Yo Yo Ma, and Edgar Meyer respectively for their 2017 album "Bach Trios," released by Nonesuch Records.[13]
References
- ^ a b c Reel, James. Prelude and Fugue, for organ in E minor ("Wedge"), BWV 548 (BC J19) at AllMusic. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
- ^ a b Jones 2013, 58.
- ^ a b Williams 1980, 164.
- ^ a b c Williams 2003, 119.
- ^ Prelude and Fugue in E minor, BWV 548 description at Netherlands Bach Society
- ^ Jones 2013, 59.
- ^ Williams 2003, 121.
- ^ Prelude and Fugue in E minor, BWV 548 description at Gothic-Catalog.com
- ^ Schweitzer 1923, 277.
- ^ Coburn, Steven. Preludes and Fugues (6), transcription for piano (after J.S. Bach), S. 462 (LW A92) at AllMusic. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
- ^ List of Bach-Tscherlitzky piano transcriptions at Bach-Cantatas.com
- ^ Piano Transcriptions of Bach's Works & Bach-inspired Piano Works by Samuel Feinberg
- ^ Bach Trios at Yo-Yoma.com
Works cited
- Williams, Peter (1980), The Organ Music of J. S. Bach: Volume 1, Preludes, Toccatas, Fantasias, Fugues, Sonatas, Concertos and Miscellaneous PiecesCambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-27078-2
- Williams, Peter (2003), The Organ Music of J. S. Bach (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89115-9
- Jones, Richard D.P. (2013), The Creative Development of Johann Sebastian Bach, Volume II: 1717–1750: Music to Delight the Spirit. Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-969628-4
- Schweitzer, Albert (1935). J.S. Bach, Vol. 1 London: A.C. & Black
External links
- Prelude and Fugue in E minor: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
- Prelude and Fugue in E minor, BWV 548 autograph facsimile at International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP).
- Video recording of Robert Smith's performance on the 1730 Gottfried Silbermann organ at the St.-Georgen-Kirche, Glauchau, Germany
- Free download of BWV 548 recorded by James Kibbie on the 1755 Gottfried Silbermann/Zacharias Hildebrandt organ in the Katholische Hofkirche, Dresden, Germany
- Prelude and Fugue in E minor, BWV 548 description at Netherlands Bach Society
- v
- t
- e
- Fugue in G minor, BWV 131a (doubtful)
- Sonatas, BWV 525–530
- Prelude and Fugue in C major, BWV 531
- Prelude and Fugue in D major, BWV 532
- Fantasia and Fugue in C minor, BWV 537
- Toccata and Fugue in D minor ("Dorian"), BWV 538
- Toccata and Fugue in F major, BWV 540
- Fantasia and Fugue in G minor ("Great"), BWV 542
- Prelude and Fugue in A minor, BWV 543
- Prelude and Fugue in B minor, BWV 544
- Prelude and Fugue in C minor, BWV 546
- Prelude and Fugue in E minor ("Wedge"), BWV 548
- Eight Short Preludes and Fugues, BWV 553–560 (doubtful)
- Fantasia and Fugue in C minor, BWV 562
- Toccata, Adagio and Fugue in C major, BWV 564
- Toccata and Fugue in D minor, BWV 565 (doubtful)
- Prelude (Toccata) and Fugue in E major, BWV 566
- Fantasia ("Pièce d'Orgue") in G major, BWV 572
- Fugue in G minor ("Little"), BWV 578
- Passacaglia and Fugue in C minor, BWV 582
- Concertos, BWV 592–597
- Orgelbüchlein, BWV 599–644
- Schübler Chorales, BWV 645–650
- Great Eighteen Chorale Preludes, BWV 651–668
- Chorale partita Sei gegrüßet, Jesu gütig, BWV 768
- Canonic Variations on "Vom Himmel hoch da komm' ich her", BWV 769
- Neumeister chorales, BWV 1090–1120
- Chorale fantasia Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält, BWV 1128
- Inventions and Sinfonias, BWV 772–801
- English Suites, BWV 806–811
- French Suites, BWV 812–817
- Partitas, BWV 825–830
- Overture in the French style, BWV 831
- Well-Tempered Clavier, BWV 846–893
- Book 1
- No. 1 in C major
- No. 2 in C minor
- No. 3 in C♯ major
- No. 4 in C♯ minor
- No. 7 in E♭ major
- No. 10 in E minor
- No. 16 in G minor
- No. 21 in B♭ major
- No. 22 in B♭ minor
- Book 2
- No. 1 in C major
- No. 2 in C minor
- No. 3 in C♯ major
- No. 4 in C♯ minor
- No. 5 in D major
- No. 6 in D minor
- No. 12 in F minor
- No. 13 in F♯ major
- No. 18 in G♯ minor
- No. 22 in B♭ minor
- No. 24 in B minor
- Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue
- Fantasia and Fugue in C minor, BWV 906
- Toccatas, BWV 910–916
- Six Little Preludes, BWV 933–938
- Italian Concerto
- Harpsichord solo concertos
- Goldberg Variations
- discography
- Gould recording
- Aria variata alla maniera italiana
- Capriccio on the departure of a beloved brother
- Suite in G minor, BWV 995
- Suite in E minor, BWV 996
- Suite in C minor, BWV 997
- Prelude, Fugue and Allegro in E♭ major, BWV 998
- Prelude in C minor, BWV 999
- Fugue in G minor, BWV 1000
collections
- Clavier-Übung III: Prelude and Fugue in E♭ major ("St. Anne"), BWV 552, Chorale preludes, BWV 669–689, Duets, BWV 802–805
- Concerto transcriptions, BWV 592–596 and 972–987
- Klavierbüchlein W. F. Bach
- Notebook A. M. Bach
- Twelve Little Preludes