The Vision of Delight
The Vision of Delight was a Jacobean era masque written by Ben Jonson. It was most likely performed on Twelfth Night, 6 January 1617 in the Banqueting House at Whitehall Palace, and repeated on 19 January that year.[1]
The Vision of Delight was first published in the second folio collection of Jonson's works in 1641.
Design
The scholarly consensus favors the view that the masque was designed by Inigo Jones,[2] though no firm historical evidence necessitates this conclusion, and data on the masque's design elements are not extant.
The masque's music, composed by Nicholas Lanier, has unfortunately not survived, except for a setting for the final song.
Pocahontas
The masque's first performance was attended by the Native Americans Pocahontas and Tomocomo, two months before Pocahontas's untimely death.[3][4] Lady Anne Clifford, Lady Ruthin, the Countess of Pembroke and the Countess of Arundel watched the masque together from a box.[5]
Buckingham
The masque was connected with George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, the favorite of King James I. The Vision of Delight was performed on the day Villiers received his title as Earl (later Duke) of Buckingham. Buckingham had sponsored Jonson's masque The Gypsies Metamorphosed (1621); he had also danced in Pleasure Reconciled to Virtue (1618).
The show
The Vision of Delight has been regarded as almost a prototypical or quintessential example of the masque; it features the mythological figures and personifications of abstractions that are standard for the form. The work opens with personifications of Delight, Harmony, Grace, Love, Laughter, Revel, Sport, and Wonder; they are later joined by the ancient Greek deities Zephyrus and Aurora. Jonson's verse, heralding the coming of Spring, is lush and vibrant; the nineteenth-century critic and editor William Gifford called the masque "one of the most beautiful of Jonson's little pieces, light, airy, harmonious, and poetical in no common degree. It stands without parallel among performances of this kind...."[6] Two anti-masques feature comical figures of "pantaloons" and "phantasms," followed by the more serious portion of the work in which the aristocratic masquers descend from a Bower of Spring to dance their dances. The effect is one of "glowing idealism."[7]
Orazio Busino, chaplain of the Venetian ambassador Piero Contarini, gave a description of the jewels and costume of aristocratic women and ladies in waiting in the audience;
every box was filled notably with most noble and richly arrayed ladies, in number some 600 and more according to the general estimate; the dresses being of such variety in cut and colour as to be indescribable; the most delicate plumes over their heads, springing from their foreheads or in their hands serving as fans; strings of jewels on their necks and bosoms and in their girdles and apparel in such quantity that they looked like so many queens, so that at the beginning, with but little light, such as that of the dawn or of the evening twilight, the splendour of their diamonds and other jewels was so brilliant that they looked like so many stars ... The dress peculiar to these ladies is very handsome ... behind it hangs wellnigh from the neck down to the ground, with long, close sleeves and waist ... The farthingale also plays its part. The plump and buxom display their bosoms very liberally, and those who are lean go muffled up to the throat. All wear men's shoes or at least very low slippers. They consider the mask as indispensable for their face as bread at table, but they lay it aside willingly at these public entertainments".[8]
One passage in Jonson's text has been cited by critics as influencing John Milton's poem Il Penseroso.[9]
Sources
Despite its evanescent surface appearance (one commentator has called the work "a masque about masques"),[10] Jonson's text is not without intellectual weight; Jonson based his masque on traditional dream theory, relying most likely on the Commentarii in Somnium Scipionis, Macrobius's study of the Dream of Scipio by Cicero. Jonson treats the audience of the performance as an assemblage of dreamers, and through his masque illustrates Macrobius's categories of dreams.[11]
References
- ^ Terence P. Logan and Denzell S. Smith, eds., The New Intellectuals: A Survey and Bibliography of Recent Studies in English Renaissance Drama, Lincoln, NE, University of Nebraska Press, 1977; pp. 79, 86-7.
- ^ Leah Sinanoglou Marcus, The Politics of Mirth: Jonson, Herrick, Milton, Marvell, and the Defense of Old Holiday Pastimes, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1986; p. 74.
- ^ Karen Ordahl Kupperman, Indians and English: Facing Off in Early America, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 2000; p. 199.
- ^ James P. P. Horn, A Land as God Made It: Jamestown and the Birth of America, New York, Basic Books, 2005; p. 227.
- ^ D. J. H. Clifford, The Diaries of Lady Anne Clifford (Stroud, 1990), p. 64.
- ^ William Gifford, ed., The Works of Ben Jonson, Vol. 7; London, Bickers and Son, 1875; p. 282.
- ^ Marcus, p. 104.
- ^ Allen B. Hinds, Calendar State Papers, Venice: 1617-1619, vol. 15 (London, 1909), pp. 121-2 no. 188.
- ^ Wiltshire Stanton Austin, The Lives of the Poets-Laureate, London, Richard Bentley, 1853; p. 96.
- ^ Mary Chan, Music in the Theatre of Ben Jonson. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1980; p. 276.
- ^ Logan and Smith, p. 79.
- v
- t
- e
- A Tale of a Tub
- The Case is Altered
- The Isle of Dogs
- Every Man in His Humour
- Every Man out of His Humour
- Cynthia's Revels
- Poetaster
- Sejanus His Fall
- Eastward Hoe
- Volpone
- Epicœne, or The Silent Woman
- The Alchemist
- Catiline His Conspiracy
- Bartholomew Fair
- The Devil Is an Ass
- The Staple of News
- The New Inn
- The Magnetic Lady
- Rollo Duke of Normandy
- The Sad Shepherd
- Mortimer His Fall (fragment)
- The Coronation Triumph
- A Private Entertainment of the King and Queen on May-Day
- The Entertainment at Althorp
- The Masque of Blackness
- Hymenaei
- The Entertainment of the Kings of Great Britain and Denmark
- The Masque of Beauty
- The Masque of Queens
- The Hue and Cry After Cupid
- The Entertainment at Britain's Burse
- The Speeches at Prince Henry's Barriers
- Oberon, the Faery Prince
- Love Freed from Ignorance and Folly
- Love Restored
- A Challenge at Tilt, at a Marriage
- The Irish Masque at Court
- Mercury Vindicated from the Alchemists
- The Golden Age Restored
- Christmas, His Masque
- The Vision of Delight
- Lovers Made Men
- Pleasure Reconciled to Virtue
- For the Honour of Wales
- News from the New World Discovered in the Moon
- The Entertainment at Blackfriars
- Pan's Anniversary
- The Gypsies Metamorphosed
- The Masque of Augurs
- Time Vindicated to Himself and to His Honours
- Neptune's Triumph for the Return of Albion
- The Masque of Owls at Kenilworth
- The Fortunate Isles and Their Union
- Love's Triumph Through Callipolis
- Chloridia
- The King's Entertainment at Welbeck
- Love's Welcome at Bolsover
- Ben Jonson folios
- English Renaissance theatre
- Sons of Ben (literary group)