Too Chee Chew
Yang Berbahagia Tan Sri Dr. Too Chee Chew MBE JMN PSM | |
---|---|
C. C. Too was awarded the Panglima Setia Mahkota, which carries the title of Tan Sri, in 1986 for his work in psychological warfare. | |
Nickname(s) | C. C. Too |
Born | (1920-03-31)31 March 1920 |
Died | 19 April 1992(1992-04-19) (aged 72) |
Allegiance | Malaysia |
Years of service | 1951–83 |
Rank | Head of the Psychological Warfare Section |
Awards | - Member of the Order of the British Empire - Panglima Setia Mahkota |
Too Chee Chew | |
---|---|
Chinese name | |
Traditional Chinese | 杜志超 |
Simplified Chinese | 杜志超 |
Hanyu Pinyin | Dù Zhìchāo |
Jyutping | Dou6 Zi3 Ciu1 |
Hokkien POJ | Tō͘ Chì-chhiau |
Tâi-lô | Tōo Tsì-tshiau |
Too Chee Chew (杜志超 M.B.E. (31 March 1920 – 19 April 1992), better known as C. C. Too, was a major exponent of psychological warfare in Malaysia.
Too was the first local to head the Psychological Warfare Section, from 1956 till his retirement in 1983. Too was responsible for crafting British and Malayan policy during negotiations with Malayan Communist Party (MCP) leaders and encouraging the support of controversial government policies such as the Briggs Plan during the Malayan Emergency.
Early life
Too was born in Kuala Lumpur to Too Choo Sun. The elder Too's father, Too Nam, was involved in the Chinese revolutionary movement, and had tutored Sun Yat Sen.[1]
Too's early education was mainly in the Chinese stream, but he later attended Methodist Boys School in Kuala Lumpur. In 1938, he was the top candidate in Kuala Lumpur for the Cambridge School Certificate Examination, scoring six A1s and two B2s. He then attended a science course at the Victoria Institution, before being awarded the Federated Malay States scholarship to Raffles College in Singapore. Too attended Raffles College from 1939 to 1941, when he was elected President of the student body. That same year, the Japanese began their invasion of Southeast Asia, disrupting Too's studies. He never completed his course at Raffles College, but was awarded a war diploma in science (equivalent to a BSc) after the end of the Second World War, in 1947.[2]
In the course of his studies, Too befriended Eu Chooi Yip (余柱业). They parted ways after the Japanese invasion, and Too did not hear of Eu again until he participated in the planning of Operation Coldstore, when it emerged that Eu had joined the communists.[3]
During the war, Too spent his time at the Kuala Lumpur book club, where he read all the books available. He also took up photography; his father had given him a new camera in 1945, just before the end of the war, apparently anticipating that the Japanese currency in use at the time would soon be worthless.[4] It was also during the war and its aftermath that the communists attempted to persuade Too to join them. Several leaders of the Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA) – an organisation which would later form the bulk of the communist forces – were introduced to Too, who was even invited to join the MPAJA when they flew to London for the victory parade. Too, anticipating that this would result in his being branded as a communist, declined. Despite this, they pressed on, even introducing Too to Chin Peng, later the Secretary-General of the Malayan Communist Party.[5]
Post-war work
After the war, Too acted as a liaison between the communist leaders of the MPAJA and some American officers of the OSS – it was these officers who gave Too the name "C. C. Too", which would stick with him for the rest of his life. It was in this role that Too had his first encounter with psychological warfare, when he successfully encouraged a minor communist leader to defect.[6]
In April 1946, Too began work as a secretary to the Consulate of the Republic of China. He was later promoted to secretary to the Consul General. Too's employment at the consulate ended when Britain recognised the People's Republic of China instead in 1950.[7]
The early Emergency
In early 1951, Too joined the Emergency Information Service (EIS) as a research assistant. He was soon promoted to Chinese Assistant to the Head of the EIS, where he became frustrated by a lack of documents for analysis. Purporting to be doing so in the name of the Head of the EIS, he issued a directive requiring every scrap of paper recovered from enemy communist combatants in the ongoing Malayan Emergency be forwarded to headquarters.[8]
Around 1952, it was the opinion of the EIS that the communists were on the verge of giving up their insurgency. However, Too's analysis of the situation indicated that the communists were only narrowing the focus and scope of their activities in certain areas, while actually expanding them in others. Too relied on certain documents classified as "Top Secret" – a classification that would typically limit access only to expatriate British officers – that he had been shown by the head of the EIS, who then endorsed Too's report.[9]
That same year, a new Director General of Information, A. D. C. ("Alec") Peterson, was appointed by Gerald Templar. Peterson was seen by Too as being less co-operative with locals, and Too resigned in "utter disgust" in 1953 at his perceived interference with his work. Too, who had been involved in the authoring and distribution of propaganda leaflets, went as far as to complain to a General that the interference of the British was as if a civilian had been deploying the army's soldiers. In Too's view, the British were unacquainted with the realities on the ground of preparing propaganda, a view he believed found validation after Peterson left Malaya in 1955.[10] An alternative view of Peterson's role, and relationship with Too, can be found in other studies of the period, such as Kumar Ramakrishna's: Emergency Propaganda: The Winning of Malayan Hearts and Minds, 1948–1958 (Richmond, Surrey: Curzon, 2002). Before leaving, Peterson warned the new Head of the Psychological Warfare Section, O. W. Wolters, about Too, whose "Tooism" was in Peterson's view more threatening than communism. Nevertheless, Wolters soon made contact with Too, and invited him to rejoin the government in 1955. Too would serve in the Psychological Warfare Section on a contract to be renewed every two years. A caveat of this was that because he was not considered a "permanent" public servant, Too would be ineligible for a pension. The following year, Too replaced Wolters, becoming the first Malayan Head of the Psychological Warfare Section.[11]
As part of his work in the Psychological Warfare Section, Too crafted a campaign to turn public opinion against the communists. The communists mainly drew on support from Malaysian Chinese, who in Too's view would not be swayed by traditional government appeals along the lines of "Look chaps: The government is going to collapse and the communists are going to win." Too argued that the Chinese would think: "Fine. Thanks for the information. We will go to the winning side." Instead, Too's proposal was to tell the Chinese that "These communists are very bad. They come and rob you of your money, of this, of that. You don't like it, surely?" To win support for the controversial Briggs Plan, which relocated the dispersed Chinese villagers to fenced and guarded "New Villages", Too presented the New Villages as a way to give Chinese villagers an excuse to refuse aid to the communists. When communists asked for supplies, Chinese villagers could express support for the communists but insist they could not smuggle supplies out because of the guards.[12]
Too also adopted the communist tactic of sending "eyes and ears" to monitor the opinions of villagers, giving him a direct and unfiltered view of public opinion. Too's propaganda strategy emphasised the common man, rather than the insurgents; he believed it was more important to gain the support of the public than to convince the communist guerillas to defect. Nevertheless, he was heavily involved in developing the leaflets used to convince communist defections. Amongst Too's innovations was the usage of inconspicuously coloured instead of brightly coloured paper for leaflets, so that the communist rank-and-file would not be noticed by their superiors when they picked up the leaflets. Too avoided a "preachy" approach in drafting the leaflets; his style was described as: "Don't preach. Don't theorize. Never say 'I told you so.' No propaganda based on hatred." Too also focused on a factual approach in his propaganda leaflets, which often comprised information such as the names of recently surrendered communist soldiers, lists of mistresses of party leaders (a privilege resented by many rank and file), and photos of communist casualties.[13]
Baling peace talks
In 1955, the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) called for peace talks with the government of the autonomous Federation of Malaya, led by Tunku Abdul Rahman. The prevailing view in British intelligence was that this was a sign that the communists were nearly defeated, and on the verge of giving up. Too disagreed, insisting that certain documents had been mistranslated by the British, while others had been ignored. He predicted that if the preliminary overtures of the MCP found public acceptance, the MCP would go further and start dictating terms, such as insisting that the British be excluded from the negotiations. This later proved to be correct.[14]
It was later agreed that the Tunku and other senior government officials would meet with Chin Peng and a few other elite leaders of the MCP in the town of Baling, Kedah. To prepare for the talks, the British held a private "dress rehearsal" to anticipate what moves Chin Peng might make; Too played the part of Chin Peng. Too correctly predicted that Chin Peng would use the negotiations as a means to communicate with the general Malayan populace. Instead of speaking to the Tunku, he would choose his words to appeal to the Malayan people and humiliate the government of the Federation – his remarks throughout the negotiations would be released in full to the press. Too's predictions were conveyed to the Tunku, who was thus able to neutralise the effect of Chin Peng's actions during the talks.[15]
As a result of his successful efforts at psychological warfare, Too was promoted to Head of the Psychological Warfare Section, a post he would hold until his retirement in 1983. In January 1957, Sir Donald MacGillivray, the outgoing British High Commissioner, awarded Too his medal as a Honorary Member of the Order of the British Empire. On 31 August 1957, the date of Malaya's independence, Too was among the first recipients of the Johan Mangku Negara (Champion of the Defence of the Realm) by the first Yang di-Pertuan Agong.[16] The Emergency was officially declared as over in 1960.
The Singapore mission
In 1962, Malaya was preparing to merge with the British colonies of Singapore, Sabah, and Sarawak to form Malaysia. Singapore was a hotbed of communist radicals at the time, with communists dominating the rank and file of the governing People's Action Party (PAP) as well as the opposition Socialist Front. The communists strongly opposed the merger, because they would be unable to manipulate a Malaysian government based in Kuala Lumpur and led by the anti-communist Barisan Nasional (National Front). To gain the appearance of public support, the PAP announced a non-binding referendum on merger to be held on 1 September 1962.[17]
The head of the Singaporean government, Lee Kuan Yew, asked for assistance from the Tunku in carrying out a propaganda campaign to win support for merger. The Tunku acquiesced, sending Too on a secret mission to Singapore, where he would advise Lee.[18] Too's analysis of the situation suggested that support for the PAP was waning because the communist-infiltrated campaign personnel of the PAP made promises to voters that the government could not keep. Too also blamed "Lee's personal arrogance" for worsening affairs.[19]
Too suggested that the PAP cast the referendum as a choice between a communist government and a PAP government of Singapore as a state in Malaysia, painting the choice of communism as one of disaster. He also favoured gaining the support of the Chinese majority of the electorate through persuasion of leaders of the Chinese Chamber of Commerce to support merger. Eventually, the referendum succeeded, with over 70% of the votes cast supporting merger.[20]
While in Singapore, Too was also influential in affecting the timing of Operation Coldstore. The Malayan, Singaporean and British governments all favoured a massive crackdown on the communist leadership in Singapore. However, the Singaporeans and British wanted the crackdown to occur after merger had been effected, so they could claim it had been the doing of the federal government in Kuala Lumpur. However, Too noted that the governments of Indonesia and the Philippines were both opposing merger, citing as one ground the ostensibly "Malay Government" of Malaya, which led to fears that the federal government might oppress the non-Malay minorities in Malaysia. (See ketuanan Melayu.) Operation Coldstore, if carried out after merger, would thus create a propaganda victory for the Indonesians and Filipinos. Too expressed his views to both Tun Abdul Razak, the Deputy Prime Minister of Malaya, and the Tunku himself. Both men agreed, and as a result Operation Coldstore took place in February 1963, seven months before the formation of Malaysia.[21]
Later work
National Operations Council
In 1963, as a result of Malaysia's formation, Indonesia announced a policy of "confrontation" with Malaysia. At this time, Too took the initiative of proposing a National Operations Council (NOC) modelled on the National Emergency Council that had been in place during the Emergency. The NOC could consist of senior members of the Cabinet, and the chiefs of the Armed Forces and the Police. Too, as Head of Psychological Warfare, was also included.[22] The NOC would play an influential role in the governing of the country after the May 13 Incident in 1969, when the constitutional government was suspended. When Parliament was restored in 1971, the NOC was dissolved.
Second Emergency
The communists launched a second insurrection in 1968. This second emergency ended in 1978, when the remaining MCP insurgents fled to Thailand. However, the communists continued to press for negotiations, proposing a "Democratic Coalition Government" with the Malaysian government. Too cautioned the government against paying this offer any heed, as the communists had nothing to bargain with.[23]
Foreign service
In 1962, Too acted as a consultant to the United States military, lecturing on Psychological Warfare and Counter-Insurgency" at the US Army Command and General Staff College, Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas, and advising the US during the Vietnam War. He also was involved with South Korea.[13]
Retirement
Too retired from the Psychological Warfare Section in 1983. In 1986, he was awarded the Panglima Setia Mahkota (Knight Commander of the Order of the Crown) by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, an award entitling Too to the title of Tan Sri.[24] Too was critical of the government's monitoring of communist propaganda broadcasts after his retirement, at one point spending the whole night listening to communist broadcasts to prove his point. He was also an opponent of the government's peace accord with the MCP inked in 1989. In his view, the communists had become a negligible force without any bargaining power, and as such the government had nothing to gain from the treaty.[25] Too died in 1992.[26]
Honours
- Malaya :
- Companion of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (JMN) (1958)[27]
- Malaysia :
- Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (PSM) – Tan Sri (1986)[28]
Commonwealth Honours
- United Kingdom :
- Honorary Member of the Order of British Empire (MBE) (1957)[29]
Notes and references
- ^ Lim, Cheng Leng (2000). The Story of a Psy-Warrior: Tan Sri Dr. C. C. Too (Too's authorised biography), pp. 21–22. Self-published. ISBN 983-40297-0-5.
- ^ Lim, p. 27.
- ^ Lim, pp. 31, 34.
- ^ Lim, p. 35–37.
- ^ Lim, pp. 37, 39–40.
- ^ Lim, pp. 66–68.
- ^ Lim, p. 74.
- ^ Lim, p. 76.
- ^ Lim, p. 78.
- ^ Lim, pp. 81–84.
- ^ Lim, pp. 87–88.
- ^ Lim, p. 137.
- ^ a b Friedman, Herbert A. (2006). Psychological Warfare of the Malayan Emergency 1948–1960. Retrieved 27 December 2006.
- ^ Lim, pp. 100–102.
- ^ Lim, pp. 103–105.
- ^ Lim, pp. 143–144.
- ^ Lim, pp. 199–200.
- ^ Lim, p. 200.
- ^ Lim, pp. 202–203.
- ^ Too, pp. 204, 206.
- ^ Lim, pp. 200–201, 205–206.
- ^ Lim p. 147.
- ^ Lim, pp. 181, 183.
- ^ Lim, pp. 243–244.
- ^ Lim, p. 161.
- ^ Lim, p. 94.
- ^ "Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Tahun 1958" (PDF).
- ^ "Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Tahun 1986" (PDF).
- ^ "No. 40960". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 January 1957. p. 28.
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- 1990: P. Ramlee
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- 1991: Gunn Chit Tuan
- 1991: Hamdan Sirat
- 1991: Khoo Kay Por
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- 1998: Ajit Singh
- 1998: Azizan Husain
- 1998: Chan Ah Chye
- 1998: Cheah Cheng Kooi
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- 1998: Jamilus Hussein
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- 1998: Mohd Saleh Sulong
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- 1998: Omar Ibrahim
- 1998: SM Nasimuddin SM Amin
- 1998: Soong Siew Hoong
- 1998: Syed Jalaludin Syed Salim
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- 1998: Tunku Dara Naquiah Tuanku Ja'afar
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- 1999: Abdullah Ahmad
- 1999: Ahmad Razali Mohd Ali
- 1999: Ahmad Tajuddin Ali
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- 1999: Chong Siew Fai
- 1999: Joseph Kurup
- 1999: Khalid Abdullah
- 1999: Mohd Ramli Kushairi
- 1999: Mohd Zahidi Zainuddin
- 1999: Mustapha Kamal Abu Bakar
- 1999: R. P. Lingam
- 1999: Samsudin Osman
- 1999: Teo Soo Cheng
- 1999: Tiong Hiew King
- 1999: Tunku Abdullah
- 1999: Wan Adnan Ismail
- 1999: William Chek Lin Kwai
- 2000: Abu Sahid Mohamed
- 2000: Ahmad Saruji Che Rose
- 2000: Ahmad Zaharudin Idrus
- 2000: Alexander Lee Yu Lung
- 2000: Chong Chin Shoong
- 2000: Gnanalingam Gunanathlingam
- 2000: George Chan Hong Nam
- 2000: Halim Mohammad
- 2000: James Peter Chin Soon Swee
- 2000: Kuek Ho Yao
- 2000: Lal Chand Vohrah
- 2000: Lau Ban Tin
- 2000: Lau Gek Poh
- 2000: Lee Kim Sai
- 2000: Lim Cheng Ean
- 2000: Lim Guan Teik
- 2000: Mahalingam Muthukrishnen
- 2000: Megat Junid Megat Ayub
- 2000: Mohamed Basir Ahmad
- 2000: Mohamed Rahmat
- 2000: Mohamed Dzaiddin Abdullah
- 2000: Mohan Swami
- 2000: Mohd Razali Abdul Rahman
- 2000: Muhammad Ali Hashim
- 2000: Nor Mohamed Yakcop
- 2000: Nuraizah Abdul Hamid
- 2000: Othman Mohd Rijal
- 2000: Rozali Ismail
- 2000: Sabbaruddin Chik
- 2000: Sulaiman Daud
- 2000: Syed Mokhtar Albukhary
- 2000: Tan Lai Kim
- 2000: Tee Hock Seng
- 2000: Tengku Mahaleel Tengku Ariff
- 2000: Zaki Azmi
- 2001: Abdul Hamid Othman
- 2001: Abdul Kadir Mohamad
- 2001: Abu Bakar Abdul Jamal
- 2001: Amin Shah Omar Shah
- 2001: Hanafiah Hussain
- 2001: Lim Cheng Pow
- 2001: Low Nam Hui
- 2001: Mahadevan Mahalingam
- 2001: Md Hashim Hussein
- 2001: Mohd Jamil Johari
- 2001: Othman Merican
- 2001: P. Alagendra
- 2001: S. M. Salim
- 2001: Samsudin Hitam
- 2001: Steve Lip Kiong
- 2001: Syed Abbas Alhabshee
- 2001: Tan Beng Tong
- 2001: Tan Hua Choon
- 2001: Zeti Akhtar Aziz
- 2002: Ab. Rahman Omar
- 2002: Abu Hassan Othman
- 2002: Ahmad Fairuz Abdul Halim
- 2002: Chua Hock Chin
- 2002: Engku Ibrahim Engku Ngah
- 2002: Hashim Meon
- 2002: Hasmy Agam
- 2002: Hew See Tong
- 2002: Jamaluddin Ahmad Damanhuri
- 2002: Lee Lam Thye
- 2002: Lim Kok Thay
- 2002: Michael Chen Wing Sum
- 2002: Mohamad Taha Arif
- 2002: Mohd Yusoff Md Nor
- 2002: Muhammad Radzi Mansor
- 2002: Nik Ibrahim Nik Ahmad Kamil
- 2002: Pandikar Amin Mulia
- 2002: Tai Sing Chii
- 2003: Ab. Rashid Ab. Rahman
- 2003: Abdul Gani Patail
- 2003: Abdul Halil Abd. Mutalif
- 2003: Abdul Majid Khan
- 2003: Abdullah Ali
- 2003: Ahmad Fuzi Abdul Razak
- 2003: Anuwar Ali
- 2003: Chai Kin Kong
- 2003: Lodin Wok Kamaruddin
- 2003: Gan Kong Seng
- 2003: Haidar Mohamed Noor
- 2003: Hamdan Mohamad
- 2003: Hari Narayanan Govindasamy
- 2003: Ng Lay Swee
- 2003: Sak Cheng Lum
- 2003: Tan Chee Sing
- 2003: Ting Chew Peh
- 2003: Yahya Awang
- 2003: Zaini Omar
- 2003: Zainol Abidin Abd. Rashid
- 2003: Zaleha Ismail
- 2004: Abdul Rafie Mahat
- 2004: Abdul Rahim Mohamad
- 2004: Abdul Rashid Abdul Manaf
- 2004: Abdul Razak Ramli
- 2004: Abdullah Mohd Tahir
- 2004: Abu Hassan Omar
- 2004: Adam Kadir
- 2004: Chong Kah Kiat
- 2004: Hadenan Abdul Jalil
- 2004: Hamad Kama Piah Che Othman
- 2004: Lim Ah Lek
- 2004: Md Desa Pachi
- 2004: Mohamed Hashim Ahmad Makaruddin
- 2004: Saleha Mohd Ali
- 2004: Yusof Basirun
- 2004: Zainul Ariff Hussain
- 2005: Abdul Malek Ahmad
- 2005: Abi Musa Asa'ari Mohamed Nor
- 2005: Adzmi Abdul Wahab
- 2005: Leo Moggie Irok
- 2005: Ambrin Buang
- 2005: Aseh Che Mat
- 2005: Che Onn Ismail
- 2005: Dol Ramli
- 2005: Ghazzali Sheikh Abd. Khalid
- 2005: James Alfred A. David
- 2005: Khalid Ahmad Sulaiman
- 2005: Kua Sian Kooi
- 2005: Law Hieng Ding
- 2005: Mazlan Nordin
- 2005: Md Nor Md Yusof
- 2005: Megat Zaharuddin Megat Mohd Nor
- 2005: Mohd Ibrahim Mohd Zain
- 2005: Mohd Zuki Kamaluddin
- 2005: Mohd Sedek Mohd Ali
- 2005: Siti Norma Yaakob
- 2005: Soh Thiam Hong
- 2005: Subhan Jasmon
- 2005: Tan Tiong Hian
- 2005: Wong See Wah
- 2005: Yahaya Ibrahim
- 2006: Abdul Aziz Zainal
- 2006: Abdul Aziz Mohd Yusof
- 2006: Abdul Razak Alias
- 2006: Ampikiapakan S. Kandiah
- 2006: Darshan Singh Gurdial Singh
- 2006: Ilyas Din
- 2006: Ismail Adam
- 2006: Izzuddin Dali
- 2006: Khalid Ramli
- 2006: Lau Yin Pin
- 2006: Liew Kee Sin
- 2006: Marzuki Mohammad Noor
- 2006: Mohamed Ismail Merican
- 2006: Mohd Kamal Hassan
- 2006: Mohd Sidek Hassan
- 2006: Musa Hassan
- 2006: Nik Ismail Nik Mohamed
- 2006: Pheng Yin Huah
- 2006: Syed Zainol Anwar Jamalullail
- 2006: Tan Kay Hock
- 2007: Abdul Aziz Husain
- 2007: Abdul Kadir Sheikh Fadzir
- 2007: Abu Zahar Ujang
- 2007: Ahmad Nordin Md Amin
- 2007: Asiah Abu Samah
- 2007: Azizan Ariffin
- 2007: Chai Yu Lan
- 2007: Chin Fook Weng
- 2007: Rosemary Chow Poh Kheng
- 2007: Eugenio Antonio da Luz Campos
- 2007: Gajaraj Munusamy Dhanarajan
- 2007: Gnananpandythan Muthandi
- 2007: Kumaran Karunagaran
- 2007: Thanabalasingam Karalasingam
- 2007: Lau Tuang Nguang
- 2007: Lim Gait Tong
- 2007: Lim Wee Chai
- 2007: Mohamad Noor Abdul Rahim
- 2007: Mohamed Zain Shamsuddin
- 2007: Mohamed Mansor Feteh Din
- 2007: Mohamed Salleh Mohamed Yasin
- 2007: Mohd Ariffin Mohd Yusuf
- 2007: Mohd Zulkifli Mohd Ghazali
- 2007: Mohd Najib Abdul Aziz
- 2007: Muhammad Ismail Jamaluddin
- 2007: Napsiah Omar
- 2007: Ninian Mogan Lourdenadin
- 2007: Nordin Kardi
- 2007: Ramlan Mohamed Ali
- 2007: Rastam Mohd Isa
- 2007: Richard Malanjum
- 2007: Robert Phang Miow Sin
- 2007: Syed Mohd Yusof Syed Nasir
- 2007: Tajudin Ali
- 2007: Tong Yoke Kim
- 2007: Yong Poh Kon
- 2007: Zulkurnain Awang
- 2008: Abdul Rahman Mamat
- 2008: Ahmad Othman Merican
- 2008: Alauddin Mohd Sheriff
- 2008: Amirsham Abdul Aziz
- 2008: Annuar Musa
- 2008: Azman Mokhtar
- 2008: Chan Kong Choy
- 2008: Chua Ma Yu
- 2008: Dzulkifli Abdul Razak
- 2008: Sheikh Ghazali Abdul Rahman
- 2008: Syaikh Ismail Muhamad
- 2008: Ismail Omar
- 2008: Kamal Salih
- 2008: Khoo Kay Kim
- 2008: Kok Onn
- 2008: Lim Ewe Jin
- 2008: Mazidah Abdul Majid
- 2008: Megat Najmuddin Megat Khas
- 2008: Mohamed Jawhar Hassan
- 2008: Mohd Munir Abdul Majid
- 2008: Muhammad Rais Abdul Karim
- 2008: Murphy Nicholas Xavier Pakiam
- 2008: Ng Teck Fong
- 2008: Prince Guneratnam
- 2008: Rajandram Chellapah
- 2008: Sulaiman Mahbob
- 2008: Sulaiman Sujak
- 2008: Tay Ah Lek
- 2008: Wan Abdul Aziz Wan Abdullah
- 2008: Yap Suan Chee
- 2009: Abdul Aziz Jaafar
- 2009: Abdul Aziz Mohamad
- 2009: Ahmad Ramli Mohd Nor
- 2009: Alimuddin Mohd Dom
- 2009: Ampong Puyon
- 2009: Arifin Zakaria
- 2009: Azlan Mohd Zainol
- 2009: Bashir Ahmad Abdul Majid
- 2009: Chan Sau Lai
- 2009: Faizah Mohd Tahir
- 2009: Gurdial Singh Gill
- 2009: Harussani Zakaria
- 2009: Hassan Azhari
- 2009: Herman Luping
- 2009: Ibrahim Abu Shah
- 2009: Ibrahim Lembut
- 2009: Jemilah Mahmood
- 2009: Ravindran Kutty Krishnan
- 2009: Kam Woon Wah
- 2009: Kamal Mohamed Hashim Che Din
- 2009: Lau Hieng Wui
- 2009: Leong Hoy Kum
- 2009: Liew Yun Fah
- 2009: Lim Bah
- 2009: Lim Kang Yew
- 2009: Mohd Shahrom Nordin
- 2009: Mohd Yusof Hitam
- 2009: Mustafa Mansur
- 2009: Nik Hashim Nik Abdul Rahman
- 2009: Raja Arshad Raja Tun Uda
- 2009: Salleh Mohd Nor
- 2009: Sharifah Hapsah Syed Hasan
- 2009: Syed Azman Syed Ibrahim
- 2009: Ta Kin Yan
- 2009: Tan Ming Swee
- 2009: Yap Yong Seong
- 2009: Zainuddin Maidin
- 2009: Zarinah Sameehah Anwar
- 2010: Abd Razak Abd Latiff
- 2010: Abdul Aziz Shamsuddin
- 2010: Abdul Rashid Abdul Rahman
- 2010: Abdul Shukor Abdullah
- 2010: Abdul Shukor Husin
- 2010: Adenan Satem
- 2010: Andrew Liew Sui Fatt
- 2010: Andrew Sheng Len Tao
- 2010: Cecil Wilbert Mohanaraj Abraham
- 2010: Fong Chan Onn
- 2010: Hasmah Abdullah
- 2010: James Foong Cheng Yuen
- 2010: Jegathesan Manikavasagam
- 2010: Koo Yuen Kim
- 2010: Kuan Yong Kuan
- 2010: Lau Cho Kun
- 2010: Lee Oi Hian
- 2010: Lim Kim Hong
- 2010: Lim Soon Peng
- 2010: Lim Tong Yong
- 2010: Ling Chiong Ho
- 2010: Low Boon Eng
- 2010: Marimuthu Thangaveloo
- 2010: Tajol Rosli Mohd Ghazali
- 2010: Mohd Ghazali Mohd Yusoff
- 2010: Mohd Noor Ismail
- 2010: Mohd Yunus Mohd Tasi
- 2010: Nik Mustapha Raja Abdullah
- 2010: Robaayah Zambahari
- 2010: Rodzali Daud
- 2010: Tan Cheng Swee
- 2010: Tan King Tai
- 2010: Tang Yeam Soon
- 2010: Yaw Teck Seng
- 2010: Zulkefli A. Hassan
- 2010: Zulkefli Ahmad Makinudin
- 2011: Abdul Hamid Zainal Abidin
- 2011: Abdul Samad Alias
- 2011: Abdull Hamid Embong
- 2011: Abu Bakar Abdullah
- 2011: Ahmad Fuad Ismail
- 2011: Ainum Mohamed Saaid
- 2011: Leonard Linggi Jugah
- 2011: Anthony Francis Fernandes
- 2011: Cham Hak Lim
- 2011: Che Md Noor Mat Arshad
- 2011: Ghauth Jasmon
- 2011: Goh Teck Chai
- 2011: Hussin Ismail
- 2011: James Jemut Masing
- 2011: Lakshmanan Krishnan
- 2011: Lim Yew Loong
- 2011: Mahmood Adam
- 2011: Md Raus Sharif
- 2011: Mohd Azumi Mohamed
- 2011: Mohd Hussin Abd Hamid
- 2011: Mohd Nasir Mohd Ashraf
- 2011: Mohd Radzi Abdul Rahman
- 2011: Mohd Zaman Khan
- 2011: Omar Din Mawaidin
- 2011: P. G. Lim
- 2011: Rafiah Salim
- 2011: Rashpal Singh Jesawant Singh
- 2011: Ridzwan Abu Bakar
- 2011: Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas
- 2011: Tan Boon Seng
- 2011: Tee Tiam Lee
- 2011: Tengku Azlan
- 2011: Tunku Sallehuddin
- 2011: Wan Abu Bakar Omar
- 2011: William Mawan Ikom
- 2011: Yuen Yuet Leng
- 2011: Zulkifeli Mohd Zin
- 2012: Abd. Ghafar Mahmud
- 2012: Abd. Rahman Ismail
- 2012: Abdul Aziz Abdul Rahman
- 2012: Abdul Ghani Abdul Aziz
- 2012: Abdul Ghani Minhat
- 2012: Abdul Majid Md Noor
- 2012: Azman Shah Harun
- 2012: Badruddin Amiruldin
- 2012: Fng Ah Seng
- 2012: Goh Ming Choon
- 2012: Habib Mohammed Shah
- 2012: Hamidon Ali
- 2012: Ismail Hassan
- 2012: Khalid Abu Bakar
- 2012: Law Tien Seng
- 2012: Lim Kang Hoo
- 2012: Michael Yeoh Oon Kheng
- 2012: Mohamad Morshidi Abdul Ghani
- 2012: Mohamed Azman Yahya
- 2012: Mohd Shukor Mahfar
- 2012: Omar Md Hashim
- 2012: Ong Leong Huat
- 2012: Onn Mahmud
- 2012: Rahmat Abu Bakar
- 2012: Shamsul Azhar Abbas
- 2012: Shahrir Abdul Samad
- 2012: Stephen Voon Chee Keong
- 2012: Subramaniam Sinniah
- 2012: Sukarti Wakiman
- 2012: Suriyadi Halim Omar
- 2012: Thambirajah Muniandy
- 2012: Tunku Annuar
- 2012: Tunku Puteri Intan Safinaz
- 2012: Vadaketh Chacko George
- 2012: Wan Mahmood Pawan Teh
- 2012: Wong Foon Meng
- 2012: Yee Ming Seng
- 2012: Zainal Rampak
- 2012: Zulkifli Zainal Abidin
- 2013: Ab Aziz Kasim
- 2013: Abang Abu Bakar
- 2013: Abd Halim Karim
- 2013: Abdul Aziz Mohd Yassin
- 2013: Abdullah Md Zin
- 2013: Abu Kassim Mohamed
- 2013: Ahmad Maarop
- 2013: Azizan Abdul Razak
- 2013: Azmi Khalid
- 2013: Bustari Yusuf
- 2013: Celestine Ujang Jilan
- 2013: Alex Chen Kooi Chiew
- 2013: Chen Kok Loi
- 2013: Cheng Joo Teik
- 2013: Hii Chii Kok
- 2013: Ketheeswaran Kanagaratnam
- 2013: Koh Kin Lip
- 2013: Lee Fook Long
- 2013: Lim Sing
- 2013: Low Hock Peng
- 2013: Mohamad Zabidi Zainal
- 2013: Mohd Bakke Salleh
- 2013: Mohd Irwan Siregar Abdullah
- 2013: Mohd Khamil Jamil
- 2013: Mohd Radzi Sheikh Ahmad
- 2013: Mohd Ramly Abu Bakar
- 2013: Muhammad Shafee Abdullah
- 2013: Nadraja Ratnam
- 2013: Nathan Elumalay
- 2013: Nik Hussain Abdul Rahman
- 2013: Ong Gim Huat
- 2013: Othman Abd. Razak
- 2013: Peter Chin Fah Kui
- 2013: Rais Yatim
- 2013: Ramasamy Muthusamy
- 2013: Sabri Ahmad
- 2013: Safri Awang Zaidell
- 2013: Sahol Hamid Abu Bakar
- 2013: Shahril Shamsuddin
- 2013: Shukry Mohd Salleh
- 2013: Suleiman Mahmud
- 2013: Syed Abdul Jabbar Syed Hassan
- 2013: Tan Kean Soon
- 2013: Tan Kim Hor
- 2013: Tunku Abdul Hamid Thani
- 2013: Visuvanathan Sinnadurai
- 2013: Michelle Yeoh Choo Kheng
- 2013: Yit Ming Yik
- 2013: Zakaria Abdul Hamid
- 2013: Zamzamzairani Mohd Isa
- 2013: Zulhasnan Rafique
- 2014: Abdul Ghani Othman
- 2014: Abd Karim Shaikh Munisar
- 2014: Abdahir Abdul Majid
- 2014: Abdul Kudus Alias
- 2014: Abdul Rahim Abdul Rahman
- 2014: Abdullah Ahmad
- 2014: Ahmad Zaidee Laidin
- 2014: Chang Ko Youn
- 2014: Chor Chee Heung
- 2014: Chua Soi Lek
- 2014: Esa Mohamed
- 2014: Gan Thian Leong
- 2014: Guok Nguong Peng
- 2014: Hasan Lah
- 2014: Henry Chin Poy Wu
- 2014: Idrus Harun
- 2014: Ismee Ismail
- 2014: Jalaludin Bahaudin
- 2014: Jamaluddin Jarjis
- 2014: Johan Jaaffar
- 2014: Kong Cho Ha
- 2014: Desmond Lim Siew Choon
- 2014: M. Kayveas
- 2014: Madinah Mohamad
- 2014: Mohamad Aziz
- 2014: Mohamad Salim Fateh Din
- 2014: Mohamed Al-Amin Abdul Majid
- 2014: Mohamed Apandi Ali
- 2014: Mohd Ali Rustam
- 2014: Mohd Bakri Mohd Zinin
- 2014: Mohd Effendi Norwawi
- 2014: Mohd Nadzmi Mohd Salleh
- 2014: Mohd Yussof Abdul Latiff
- 2014: Mohd Shukri Ab Yajid
- 2014: Mokhzani Mahathir
- 2014: Ng Chen Oon
- 2014: Ng Yen Yen
- 2014: Ngau Boon Keat
- 2014: Ong Tee Keat
- 2014: Ooi Han Eng
- 2014: Pang Tee Chew
- 2014: Raja Aman Raja Ahmad
- 2014: Raja Mohamed Affandi
- 2014: Jefrin Majanun Jasni
- 2014: Razman Md Hashim
- 2014: Shafie Salleh
- 2014: Syed Muhammad Shahabuddin
- 2014: Jeffrey Tan Kok Wha
- 2014: Teo Chiang Hong
- 2014: Teo Chiang Kok
- 2014: Wilson Baya Dandot
- 2014: Zakri Abdul Hamid
- 2014: Zaleha Zahari
- 2015: Abd Wahab Maskan
- 2015: Abu Samah Nordin
- 2015: Ahmad Phesal Talib
- 2015: Alies Anor Abdul
- 2015: Balakrishnan V. Sinnayah
- 2015: Chu Sui Kiong
- 2015: Farida Mohd Ali
- 2015: Haili Dolhan
- 2015: J. J. Raj Jr.
- 2015: Kong Hon Kong
- 2015: Kuan Peng Ching
- 2015: Lai Teck Peng
- 2015: Lim Hock San
- 2015: Lim Huah Leong
- 2015: Mah King Thian
- 2015: Mohamed Haniffa Abdullah
- 2015: Ng Boon Thong
- 2015: Oh Siew Nam
- 2015: Ong Hong Peng
- 2015: Rebecca Fatima Sta Maria
- 2015: Roslan Saad
- 2015: Siti Sa'diah Sheikh Bakir
- 2015: Sufri Mohd Zin
- 2015: Tengku Abdullah Sultan Abu Bakar
- 2015: Teo Chiang Liang
- 2015: Zainal Dahalan
- 2015: Zainun Ali
- 2016: Abdul Latiff Abu Bakar
- 2016: Abdul Rahman Sulaiman
- 2016: Abdul Wahid Omar
- 2016: Abdullah Taib
- 2016: Abu Seman Yusop
- 2016: Ahmad Kamarulzaman Ahmad Badaruddin
- 2016: Arpah Abdul Razak
- 2016: Azahar Mohamed
- 2016: Azizah Abdul Ghani
- 2016: Azmil Khalili Khalid
- 2016: Denis Chandratheepam Latimer
- 2016: Empiang Antak
- 2016: Ibrahim Saad
- 2016: Jamaludin Ibrahim
- 2016: Joseph Lo Tain Foh
- 2016: Khair Mohamad Yusof
- 2016: Khoo Chai Kaa
- 2016: Khor Eng Chuen
- 2016: Lau Ngan Siew
- 2016: Lee Yoon Wah
- 2016: Loo Chong Sing
- 2016: Md Yazid Baba
- 2016: Mohamad Fatmi Che Salleh
- 2016: Mohd Amin Jalaludin
- 2016: Mohd Ismail Che Rus
- 2016: Mohd Khalid Mohd Yunus
- 2016: Muhammad Ikmal Opat Abdullah
- 2016: Nallakaruppan Solaimalai
- 2016: Noh Omar
- 2016: Noor Rashid Ibrahim
- 2016: Noorul Ainur Mohd Nur
- 2016: Norazman Hamidun
- 2016: Noriah Kasnon
- 2016: Norliza Rofli
- 2016: Othman Mahmood
- 2016: Othman Hashim
- 2016: Othman Mustafa
- 2016: Palaniappan Ramanathan Chettiar
- 2016: Puvanendran M. Nannithamby
- 2016: Raja Iskandar Dzulkarnain
- 2016: Ramly Ali
- 2016: Ranjit Singh Ajit Singh
- 2016: Saw Choo Boon
- 2016: Shahrizat Abdul Jalil
- 2016: Sulong Matjeraie
- 2016: Tan Koon Swan
- 2016: Tan Seng Leong
- 2016: Tiong Su Kouk
- 2016: Tunku Soraya
- 2016: Veerasingam Suppiah
- 2016: Wences Angang
- 2016: Wong Mook Leong
- 2016: Zaharah Ibrahim
- 2016: Zainul Azman Zainul Aziz
- 2017: Abang Khalid Abang Marzuki
- 2017: Affendi Buang
- 2017: Ahmad Zaki Ansore Mohd Yusof
- 2017: Aziah Ali
- 2017: Chang Koon Wah
- 2017: Mohd Hashim Abdullah
- 2017: Dzulkifli Ahmad
- 2017: Goh Tian Chuan
- 2017: Halim Syafie
- 2017: Ismail Yusof
- 2017: Joseph Adaikalam
- 2017: Kamaluddin Abdullah
- 2017: Koh Cheng Keong
- 2017: Koon Poh Keong
- 2017: Kunasingam Sittampalam
- 2017: Lim Keng Cheng
- 2017: Lim Kuang Sia
- 2017: Lim Pau Chang
- 2017: Mat Shah Sapuan
- 2017: Mhd Amin Nordin Abdul Aziz
- 2017: Muhammad Ibrahim
- 2017: Leo Michael Toyad
- 2017: Murugan Doraisamy
- 2017: Musa Aman
- 2017: Noor Azlan Ghazali
- 2017: Ooi Kee Liang
- 2017: Rahamat Bivi Yusoff
- 2017: Rajoo Dasari
- 2017: Vigneswaran Sanasee
- 2017: Selvarajo Sinnaiyah
- 2017: Sharifah Zarah Syed Ahmad
- 2017: Siti Zaharah Sulaiman
- 2017: Suleiman Mohamed
- 2017: Syed Danial Syed Ahmad
- 2017: Tee Cheng York
- 2017: Tengku Mohamad Rizam Tengku Abdul Aziz
- 2017: Tengku Noor Zakiah Tengku Ismail
- 2017: Ter Leong Yap
- 2017: Wan Zaki Wan Muda
- 2017: Wan Zulkiflee
- 2017: Zainal Rahim Seman
- 2017: Zainudin Karjan
- 2017: Zulkiple Kassim
- 2019: Abdul Hamid Bador
- 2019: Ahmad Badri Mohd Zahir
- 2019: Ahmad Hasbullah Mohd Nawawi
- 2019: Alwi Ibrahim
- 2019: Badariah Arshad
- 2019: Balia Yusof Wahi
- 2019: Borhan Dolah
- 2019: Chuah Hean Teik
- 2019: Mahamad Fathil Mahmood
- 2019: Mohamad Ariff Md Yusof
- 2019: Mohd Reza Mohd Sany
- 2019: Soh Thian Lai
- 2019: Tommy Thomas
- 2019: Wong Dak Wah
- 2020: Ackbal Abdul Samad
- 2020: Ahmad Nizam Salleh
- 2020: Chew Chee Kin
- 2020: Doraisingam Rengasamy
- 2020: Gan Yu Chai
- 2020: Mazlan Mansor
- 2020: Mohamad Norza Zakaria
- 2020: Mohd Khairul Adib Abd Rahman
- 2020: Noor Hisham Abdullah
- 2020: Nor Shamsiah Mohd Yunus
- 2020: Rohana Yusoff
- 2020: Syed Zainal Abidin Syed Mohamed Tahir
- 2020: Tan Boon Hock
- 2020: Zamrose Mohd Zain
- 2021: Abang Iskandar Abang Hashim
- 2021: Abdul Hadi Awang
- 2021: Azam Baki
- 2021: Azhar Azizan Harun
- 2021: Ismail Ibrahim
- 2021: Lau Eng Guang
- 2021: Leow Chong Howa
- 2021: Liow Tiong Lai
- 2021: Mazlan Othman
- 2021: Mohamad Asfia Awang Nassar
- 2021: Nazir Razak
- 2021: Mohammed Azlan Hashim
- 2021: Mohd Daud Bakar
- 2021: Mohd Shariff Omar
- 2021: Muhammad Shahrul Ikram Yaakob
- 2021: Shahril Ridza Ridzuan
- 2021: Tan Jyh Yaong
- 2021: Tong Kooi Ong
- 2022: Abdul Farid Alias
- 2022: Adnan Yaakob
- 2022: Azmi Rohani
- 2022: Che Khalib Mohamad Noh
- 2022: Idris Jusoh
- 2022: Lee Yoon Kong
- 2022: Low Kian Chuan
- 2022: Mazlan Lazim
- 2022: Mazlan Yusoff
- 2022: Mohd Annuar Zaini
- 2022: Mohd Asghar Khan Goriman Khan
- 2022: Noormustafa Kamal Yahya
- 2022: Ong Ka Chuan
- 2022: Osu Sukam
- 2022: Razarudin Husain
- 2022: Subramaniam Sathasivam
- 2022: Tajuddin Atan
Commanders
- 1967: C.G. Ferguson
- 1967: Kriangsak Chamanan
- 1969: Tan Chin Tuan
- 1970: Donald Bernard Waters Good
- 1970: Tan Hian Tsin
- 1971: Chamras Mandukananda
- 1971: Nai Swate Komalabhhuti
- 1971: Pote Bekanan
- 1971: R. Sudomo
- 1971: Saiyud Kerdphol
- 1971: Sumitro
- 1971: Suwoto Sukendar
- 1972: Kemal Idris
- 1972: A.J. Wood
- 1972: Geoffrey Hardy-Roberts
- 1972: Lek Naeomali
- 1972: Sutopo Juwono
- 1972: Thongkampleo Thongyai
- 1972: Umar Wirahadikusumah
- 1973: Frank Wen King Tsao
- 1973: L.C. Bateman
- 1973: Mohamad Hasan
- 1976: Makmum Murod
- 1976: Widodo Budidarmo
- 1977: Faiz Mohamed Alofy
- 1979: Ashadi Tjahjadi
- 1979: Panieng Kantarat
- 1979: Tan Teck Khim
- 1979: Waleojo Soegito
- 1979: R. Widodo
- 1981: Samut Sahanavin
- 1982: Anthony Synnot
- 1982: Dakleow Susilvorn
- 1982: Hussein bin Al-Jazairi
- 1982: Prayudh Charumani
- 1982: Abdul Mohsen bin Jalawi
- 1982: Saud bin Abdul Muhsin Al Saud
- 1982: Shigeo Nagano
- 1982: Somboon Chuapaibul
- 1983: Abdul Rahman Ramli
- 1984: Nissai Vejjajiva
- 1986: Klaus Blech
- 1986: Muhammad M. Abdul Rauf
- 1987: Himawan Soetanto
- 1987: Narong Mohanond
- 1987: Noboru Gatoh
- 1987: Sunthorn Kongsompong
- 1988: Chawan Chawanid
- 1988: Kampo Harada
- 1988: Maurice Baker
- 1988: Mochammad Sanoesi
- 1988: Piya Chakkaphak
- 1988: Pao Sarasin
- 1989: Goh Yong Hong
- 1989: Pengiran Omar Pengiran Apong
- 1989: Mohamad Daud
- 1989: Winston Choo Wee Leong
- 1990: Hans Joachim Richtler
- 1991: Shōichi Fujimori
- 1991: Fukuda Hiroshi
- 1991: Toyoo Tate
- 1993: Abdul Rahman Besar
- 1993: Chawalit Yodmani
- 1993: Kraisook Sinsook
- 1993: Masaharu Matsushita
- 1993: Sawat Amornvivat
- 1993: Shosuke Idemitsu
- 1994: Feisal Tanjung
- 1994: Tee Tua Ba
- 1994: Voravat Aphichari
- 1995: K. Suzuki
- 1995: Pratin Santiprabhob
- 1995: Renato S de Villa
- 1995: Sulaiman Damit
- 1996: B. Bek Nielsen
- 1996: Roger A. Bertelson
- 1997: Edi Sudradjat
- 1997: Mohammed Hassan Abdul Wali
- 1997: Walanachi Wootisin
- 1998: Harmoko
- 1998: Katsanouke Maeda
- 1998: Isa Ibrahim
- 1999: Ernest Zulliger
- 1999: Mahmoud Muhammad Safar
- 1999: Mongkon Ampornpisit
- 2000: Lin Cheng Yuan
- 2002: Just Faaland
- 2003: Da'i Bachtiar
- 2003: Giuseppe Balboni Acqua
- 2003: Giuseppe Baldocci
- 2004: Ahmed El-Farra
- 2004: Iyad bin Amin Madani
- 2004: Hamed M.A. Yahya
- 2004: Marek Paszucha
- 2004: Masajuro Shiokawa
- 2005: David Chiu Tat-cheong
- 2005: Khoo Boon Hui
- 2005: Carl Philip
- 2005: Madeline
- 2006: Chang Yung-fa
- 2006: Fumihiko Konishi
- 2007: Rainer Althoff
- 2009: Albert Cheng Yong Kim
- 2009: Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu
- 2009: Peter Sondakh
- 2009: Zainuddin Jalani
- 2010: Bambang Hendarso Danuri
- 2011: Wichean Potephosree
- 2011: Zuhair Abdul Hamid Mokhtar Sadayo
- 2012: Peter Ong Boon Kwee
- 2012: Surin Upatkoon
- 2014: Adul Saengsingkaew
- 2015: Lim Jock Seng
- 2015: Moeldoko
- 2015: Surin Pitsuwan
- 2016: Abdulrahman bin Saleh Al-Bunyan
- 2017: Charoen Sirivadhanabhakdi
- 2017: Chuang Chou Wen
- 2017: Gerry Tung Ching Sai
- 2017: Steve Miligan
- 2017: Yuhao Aixinjueluo
- 2019: Ali Mehsin Fetais
- 2019: Adul Sangsingkeo
- 2020: Badrodin Haiti
- 2020: Budi Gunawan