Zhanmadao
Zhanmadao (斬馬刀) | |
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A zhanmadao "horse butchering dao" from a Qing dynasty illustration, 1766 | |
Type | Infantry anti-cavalry saber |
Place of origin | Han dynasty, China |
Production history | |
Variants | Possible changdao, miaodao, wodao, zanbatō |
Specifications | |
Length | Approx 200 cm (79 in)+ |
Blade length | Approx 150 cm (59 in)+ |
Blade type | Single edged, straight for most of the length, curving in the last third. |
Hilt type | Two handed |
The zhanmadao (Chinese: 斬馬刀; pinyin: zhǎnmǎdāo; Jyutping: zaam2 maa5 dou1; lit. 'horse chopping saber') was a single-bladed anti-cavalry Chinese sword. It originated during the Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) and was especially common in Song China (960–1279).
General characteristics
The zhanmadao is a single-edged sabre with a long broad blade, and a long handle suitable for two-handed use. It was used as an anti-cavalry weapon, dating from Emperor Cheng of Han, made to slice through a horse's legs.[1] This is mentioned in the Wujing Zongyao, a Song military manual from 1072.[2] It featured prominently against the Jin armies in campaigns between 1129 and 1141.[3]
The earliest variant of the zhanmadao is called zhanmajian (Chinese: 斬馬劍; pinyin: zhǎnmǎjiàn), literally "horse beheading jian". The zhanmajian existed during the Han dynasty, so called because it was supposedly able to cut off a horse's head.[4] The difference between the two is that zhanmajian is double-edged whereas the zhanmadao is single-edged, which persists with the meaning of jian and dao. Another suggestion is that the zhanmajian was an execution tool used on special occasions rather than a military weapon.[5]
Surviving examples include a sword that might resemble a nagamaki in construction; it had a wrapped handle 37 cm (15 in) long making it easy to grip with two hands with a blade that was 114 cm (45 in) long and straight, with a slight curve in the last half.[6]
Similar weapons
Possible variations of these Chinese swords were the changdao of Tang dynasty and Ming dynasty, wodao of Qing dynasty, as well as miaodao of the Republican Era.[7]
See also
- Changdao
- Dao (sword)
- Ōdachi
- Messer (sword)
- Zweihänder
References
- ^ Yang, Jwing-Ming (1 March 1999). Ancient Chinese Weapons: A Martial Artist's Guide. YMAA Publication Center Inc. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-886969-67-4. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ^ "The Mongol Siege of Xiangyang and Fan-ch'eng and the Song military". deremilitari.org. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- ^ Scott, Richard Bodley; Gaukroger, Nik (22 September 2009). Empires of the Dragon: The Far East at War. Osprey Publishing. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-84603-690-3. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ^ Lorge 2011, p. 103.
- ^ Zhan Ma Dao (斬馬刀), 7 April 2015, retrieved 15 April 2018
- ^ Jarymowycz, Roman Johann (2008). Cavalry from Hoof to Track. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-275-98726-8.
- ^ Breverton, Terry (26 April 2012). Breverton's Encyclopedia of Inventions: A Compendium of Technological Leaps, Groundbreaking Discoveries and Scientific Breakthroughs that Changed the World. Quercus Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-78087-340-4. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
Bibliography
- Lorge, Peter A. (2011), Chinese Martial Arts: From Antiquity to the Twenty-First Century, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-87881-4
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Short swords | |
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Long swords |
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- Sheng biao (rope dart) 繩鏢
- Jiujie bian (nine section whip) 九節鞭
- Sanjie gun 三節棍
- Chang xiao bang 長小棒
- Nu 弩
- Zhuge nu 諸葛弩
- Fire arrow 火箭
- Huoqiang 火槍
- Tu Huo Qiang 突火槍
- Huochong 火銃
- Shouchong 手銃
- Rocket cart 火箭車
- San yan chong 三眼銃
- Che Dian Chong 掣電銃
- Xun Lei Chong 迅雷銃
- Wankou Chong 碗口銃
- Hu dun pao 虎蹲砲
- Thunder crash bomb 震天雷
- Biān 鞭
- Chǐ 尺
- Chúi 錘
- Emeici 峨嵋刺
- Jiǎn 鐧
- Lujiao dao (deer horn knives) 鹿角刀
- Hook sword 鉤
- Ji lian 鷄鐮
- Fenghuo lun 風火輪
- Armour and Helmet 甲胄
- Shield 盾
- Hook shield 鉤鑲