下溫登戰役 (1693年)
下溫登戰役 | |||||||
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大同盟戰爭的一部分 | |||||||
![]() 戰場地圖,紅色的為聯軍 | |||||||
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参战方 | |||||||
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指挥官与领导者 | |||||||
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兵力 | |||||||
66,000人[1][2] 70門火砲[3] | 60,000人 100門火砲[3] | ||||||
伤亡与损失 | |||||||
8,000人傷亡 | 20,000人[4][5] 18,000人死傷 2,000人被俘 80門火砲[5] |
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下溫登战役(法語:Bataille de Neerwinden),又称兰登战役(英語:Battle of Landen),发生于1693年7月29日,大同盟战争期间。由法國盧森堡公爵率領的法軍與英國國王威廉三世率領的大同盟聯軍對抗。
為了以有利的地位和平結束戰爭,法國國王路易十四決定通過進攻來取得談判優勢。由法蘭德斯的總指揮盧森堡公爵發起進攻,將敵軍困在一個極其危險的位置,令其背對一條河流。大部分戰鬥發生在盟軍右翼,敵軍陣地有堅固的防禦工事,並由大量火砲進行防禦。法軍三度攻打此陣地,最終突破防線,盟軍被迫撤退。
註腳
- ^ Childs 1991,第233頁.
- ^ Van Alphen et al. 2019,第76頁.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Castex 2012,第347頁.
- ^ Bertrand·Fonck. Fleurus (1690), Steinkerque (1692), Neerwinden (1693) : pratiques, représentations et légitimité de la bataille à la fin du xviie siècle. : 288 [2022-01-27]. ISBN 978-2-7535-4029-3. (原始内容存档于2021-06-29).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Castex 2012,第351頁.
參考文獻
- Anonymous. The Paris Relation of the Battle of Landen [Neerwinden], July 29th 1693. D Rhodes. 1693.
- Black, Jeremy. Beyond the Military Revolution: War in the Seventeenth Century World. Palgrave Macmillan. 2011. ISBN 978-0230251564.
- Bright, James Pierce. A History of England;Volume III 2016. Palala Press. 1836. ISBN 135856860X.
- Childs, John. The Nine Years' War and the British Army 1688-1697: The Operations in the Low Countries. Manchester University Press. 1991. ISBN 9780719034619.
- Childs, John. The British Army of William III, 1689–1702. Manchester University Press. 1987. ISBN 9780719019876.
- Castex, Jean-Claude. Combats franco-anglais de la guerre de trente ans et de la ligue d'Augsbourg. Editions du Phare Ouest. 2012. ISBN 9782921668118.
- De la Pause, Guillaume Plantavit. The Life of James Fitz-James Duke of Berwick 2017. Andesite Press. 1738. ISBN 1376209276.
- De Périni, Hardÿ. Batailles françaises V5. Ernest Flammarion, Paris. 1896.
- De Vries, Jan. The Economic Crisis of the 17th Century. Interdisciplinary Studies. 2009, 40 (2).
- Holmes, Richard. Marlborough; England's Fragile Genius. Harper Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0007225729.
- Martin, Ronald. 1693: The Year of Battles. Western Society for French History. 2003, 31. hdl:2027/spo.0642292.0031.006.
- Sterne, Laurence. The beauties of Sterne: including all his pathetic tales, and most distinguished observations on life. Selected for the heart of sensibility. 2018. Forgotten Books. 1782. ISBN 0259231916.
- Van Nimwegen, Olaf. De Veertigjarige Oorlog 1672-1712: de strijd van de Nederlanders tegen de Zonnekoning (The 40 Years War 1672-1712: the Dutch struggle against the Sun King). Prometheus. 2020. ISBN 978-90-446-3871-4.
- Van Alphen, Marc; Hoffenaar, Jan; Lemmers, Alan; Van der Spek, Christiaan. Krijgsmacht en Handelsgeest: Om het machtsevenwicht in Europa. Boom. 2019. ISBN 978-90-244-3038-3.